To What Extent Did Lenin Establish Communism in Russia Fro 1920-1924?

To what extent did Lenin establish Communism in Russia from 1920-1924? From an early age, Lenin opposed the Romanov autocratic regime, even more so following the execution of his brother for the assassination of Tsar Alexander III. Lenin was an avid follower of the writings of Karl Marx and believed communism was the way forward. He believed that everything should be owned by the government and then distributed evenly amongst the people. During the February 1917 revolution in Russia, Lenin was in exile. He knew his right-hand man Trotsky would tell him when the time was right to come back to Russia.The end of the February Revolution led to the end of the Romanov dynasty and to the Provisional Government under Lvov and Kerensky. It also meant the return of Lenin. By October 1917, he felt the time was right for a Bolshevik revolution. It was relatively bloodless and Lenin assumed the responsibility of governing Russia. Between 1920 and 1924, Lenin and the Bolsheviks attempted to shape the destiny of Russia and establish communism. He said, ‘’History will never forgive us if we do not assume power now’’.Having taking over Russia, Lenin now had the challenge of holding on to power. The first thing he did was put a decree on land. This meant that peasants were allowed take over private land. Therefore, landlords weren’t very happy about this. He also abolished the Assembly. Lenin believed in a one party dictatorship and this step was necessary for it to happen. It was at this time that the Bolsheviks became known as Communists. In an attempt to make all people equal, everyone was to be addressed at ‘’Comrade’’. Lenin’s next step now was to make peace.The slogan of the Communists was ‘’Peace, bread, land’’. From fighting in World War I, Russia was on the verge of bankruptcy. Lenin knew something had to be done. The Russians were losing battle after battle and the country co uldn’t take any more of it. Also, the army was in disarray. Soldiers were losing heart and most of them were killed. Lenin realised this had to be stopped. He was pragmatic and knew the country couldn’t take it much longer. Therefore, Lenin signed a peace agreement with Germany. This was known as the Brest-Litovsk Treaty or The Shameful Treaty.Although it obtained peace in Russia, it involved in the country losing a quarter of its land and population, eighty per cent of its coal mines and thirty three per cent of it farming land and manufacturing industry. Lenin insisted the survival of the communist regime depended on it! Lenin however was faced with opposition, collectively known as the ‘’Whites’’. These included a disarray of groups such as social revolutionaries, supporters of the Provisional Government, landlords, tsarist supporters and many more. This gave rise to a civil war in Russia. The war was the ‘’Reds’â€℠¢ vs. he ‘’Whites’’. The Reds had many more advantages than the Whites. The Red Army were under Trotsky, a very skilled military tactician. The Reds were being attacked from every direction by the Whites with the help of the Allied Powers. However, the Reds greatest threat was Pilsudski and his Polish army. This was the only battle were Lenin had peace negotiations and were he lost some of Russian territory. As time passed, Allied support lessened. This was a big disadvantage for the Whites. The Reds had another advantage over the Whites, they were more united.The Whites had many different groups who wanted and fought for different things so it didn’t work in their favour. One further advantage for the Reds was that they were located in central Russia, which was capable of being defended. This ended in victory for the Reds. During the civil war, Lenin took control of economic and political problems. He followed a policy of War Communism. This policy saw Lenin ensure that all industry and agriculture within the Communist –controlled territory was geared solely towards the war effort.All of the surplus crops that were grown by the farmers were requisitioned by the government and distributed between the workers and soldiers. Food detachments were sent to the countryside to get the food. This was very unpopular with the farmers. They began to cut back in grain production so eventually, Russia experienced a famine. An estimation of between five and seven million people died due to hunger. The Red Terror was set up by the Cheka. The Cheka were a secret police force set up to arrest and execute people who they believed opposed Lenin and the Communists.Any opposition to Lenin was dealt with legalised acts of brutality. It was a systematic terror designed to ensure the continuation of Communist rule. The Kronstadt Rising gave the Cheka a great opportunity to put down the revolt. The naval soldiers that were involved were brutall y treated and were easily defeated. Following the end of the Civil War, Lenin knew that change needed to be made. He ended War Communism and brought in the New Economic Policy. There was serious discontent which undermined support for Communism.The NEP ended the requisition of food from the peasants, peasants were now allowed to sell their surplus for profit and private enterprise was allowed in small factories. Although many of these terms were contrary to Communist beliefs, Lenin said that ‘’we must take a step backwards in order to go two steps forward at a later date’’. Although Lenin did not live to see the full effects of the New Economic Policy, he had a great effect on the Russians and established the first ever Communist state. Lenin took many steps in order for Russia to become a Communist state.

Political Aspects of Lord of the Flies

The â€Å"Lord of the Flies† is an allegorical novel by Nobel Prize-winning author William Golding. It was Golding’s first novel, and was published in the year 1954. Even though it was not a grand success at the time selling fewer than 3,000 copies in the United States throughout 1955 prior to going out of print it went on to turn out to be a bestseller, and mandatory reading in various schools and colleges. It was adapted to film in 1963 by Peter Brook, and once more in 1990. The title is a reference to Beelzebub from the Hebrew name Baalzvuv ב× ¢Ã—Å" ×â€"בוב, and said to be a synonym for the Devil. Lord of the Flies explores the dark side of humankind, the savagery that lies beneath even the most civilized human beings (Faber School Editions, 1962). Golding planned this novel as a tragic parody of children’s adventure tales, demonstrating humankind’s intrinsic evil nature. The author presents the reader with a chronology of events leadi ng a group of young boys from anticipation to disaster as they try to survive their unsupervised, uncivilized, isolated environment until rescued.In the middle of a nuclear war, a group of British boys discover themselves stranded without adult supervision on a tropical island. The group is generally divided into the â€Å"littluns,† boys more or less the age of six, and the â€Å"biguns,† who are among the ages of ten and twelve. Primarily, the boys try to form a culture comparable to the one they left behind. They select a leader, Ralph, who, with the advice and support of Piggy considered as the intellectual of the group, made every effort to set up rules for housing and sanitation. Ralph furthermore makes a signal fire the group’s first priority, hopeful that a passing ship will see the smoke signal and save them. A chief challenge to Ralph’s leadership is Jack, who as well wants to lead. Jack orders a group of choirboys-turned-hunters who sacrifice t he responsibility of tending the fire so that they can partake in the hunts. Jack draws the other boys gradually away from Ralph’s influence for the reason of their natural attraction to and fondness toward the adventurous hunting activities indicating violence and evil.The conflict between Jack and Ralph, and the said forces of savagery and civilization that they correspond to is exacerbated by the boys’ literal horror of a mythical beast wandering the island (Traister, Rebecca 2005). One night, an aerial battle takes place above the island, and a casualty of the battle floats down with his opened parachute, eventually coming to rest on the mountaintop. Breezes occasionally inflate the parachute, making the body seem to sit up and then drop forward again. This sight alarms the boys as they mistake the dead body for the beast they fear. As a result to this panic, Jack forms a splinter group that is ultimately joined by all but a few of the boys. The boys who join Jack are tempted by the protection Jack’s ferocity appears to provide, as well as by the prospect of playing the part of savages: putting on camouflaging face paint, hunting, and presenting ritualistic tribal dances. Ultimately, Jack’s group in fact slaughters a sow and, as a present to the beast, puts the sow’s head on a stick.Of all the boys, only the mystic Simon has the guts to discover the real identity of the beast sighted on the mountain. Subsequent to witnessing the death of the sow and the gift made of her head to the beast, Simon starts to hallucinate, and the staked sow’s head turns out to be the Lord of the Flies, reporting to Simon what he has previously suspected: The beast is not an animal on the loose but is concealed in each boy’s psyche. Weakened by his dreadful vision, Simon loses consciousness. Recovering later that evening, he struggles to the mountaintop and discovers that the beast is merely a dead pilot/soldier. Trying to get the news to the other boys, he slips into the tribal frenzy of their dance. Perceiving him as the beast, the boys beat him to death.Soon just three of the older boys, including Piggy, are still in Ralph’s camp. Jack’s group takes Piggy’s glasses to begin its cooking fires, leaving Ralph incapable to sustain his signal fire. When Ralph and his small group approach Jack’s tribe to ask for the return of the glasses, one of Jack’s hunters releases a big boulder on Piggy, killing him. The tribe captures the other two biguns prisoners, leaving Ralph on his own.  The tribe undertakes a manhunt to look for and kill Ralph, and they begin a fire to smoke him out of one of his hiding places, generating an island-wide forest fire. A passing vessel sees the smoke from the fire, and a British naval officer appears on the beach just in time to save Ralph from definite death at the hands of the schoolboys turned savages.Golding uses many symbolisms in The Lord of t he Flies.   The whole book is symbolic of the nature of human and society generally as the island turns out to be a society metaphorical to society as a whole and the chase at the end of the book symbolic of the war.   A symbol Golding uses all through the book is the conch.   It symbolizes authority and order.   The person holding the conch had the supremacy, and it formed order and rules since when it was called, everybody had to listen.   One more symbol is Piggy’s glasses.   It represents knowledge and insight.   While Piggy had them, he was able to provide advice to the group, such as that of the signal fire.   It was the glasses that produced the fire.   On the other hand, after the glasses are broken, the group loses what insight they had.   The war paint is furthermore a symbol.   It represented the rejection of society.In a way, when they put on the disguise of war paint, they took off the mask of society and exposed their true inner selves whic h were savage. Human condition is depicted all the way through the key characters in the novel. Every one embodies a strong-minded social stereotype which will be later on profoundly explained. This existentialist dissatisfaction is an aspect which darkens human kind similar to other factors such as the type of fear which is dealt throughout the book, being this one of the key causes of chaos. Those parallelisms, being several of them adventured, are valid too revealing two questions which take far beyond this point: to what extent is brutality a mere consequence of circumstances or a genuine feature in mankind.Unfortunately anarchy conquers order. This is the outcome for the reason that Golding believed that government is an unproductive way to maintain people together. No matter how logical or reasonable, government will in the long run have to give in to the anarchical demands of the public. This book traces the faults in society to the faults in the human being (Baker, James R. 1970).   Golding says that every person has in evil inner nature inadequately covered by society.   If the society is taken away, then the inner nature comes out and disorder and lawlessness erupt. Every person has an evil nature and is able of committing heinous crimes.   In this book, practically each person fell to the level of Jack’s savagery with the exception of those that were able to notice that evil such as Ralph, Simon, and Piggy. The beast is human.   In the start of the book, a littlun told the others that he saw a beast in the jungle opening everyone’s fears.   On the other hand, it turns out that the beast is in fact a parachutist and human, symbolizing that what people should be scared of is not some evil creature, but their own selves and other humans.Baker, James R. â€Å"The Decline of Lord of the Flies.† In South Atlantic Quarterly, Vol. 69, Autumn, (1970).Golding, William. Lord of the Flies. New York: Capricorn Books, G.P. Putnamâ⠂¬â„¢s Sons, (1954).Lord of The Flies, William Golding. Faber School Editions, (1962).Traister, Rebecca, â€Å"Reading â€Å"Lord of the Flies†Ã¢â‚¬ , (2005).

Paying Attention to Foreign Affairs: How Public Opinion Affects Presidential Decision Making Essay

              The foreign policy of United States has been altered since the era of George Washington. Even though Americans pay consideration to counsel of their respected founder, this is not enough because the world is different. Many people who have shaped the American foreign policy currently, admit the fact that membership to the world community makes United States not to ignore the significance of getting along. One of way in which public influence has or can influence foreign policy is through political leadership, this means that those politicians lead the American public to embrace certain issues. Research have shown that most Americans are ill formed and uncertain on foreign affairs because it is thought that leaders generally disregarded mass inclinations when making their foreign policy choices. Another way is through political responsiveness whereby normal politicians set aside their own principles and obediently follows the public opinion (Knecht and Thomas, 2010). Recent research shown that American public both holds foreign policy opinions and cares about foreign affairs that are normal and constant.                For any society that decides to terminate the period of discrimination, it must face the alike ethical dilemma. For instance, if everybody is given the right not to be discriminated against race, there is high probability of helping those victims who undergone past discrimination and the racial inclination is lost. Moreover if those members of the earlier omitted groups are preferred on basis of race then there is denial of right to prevent racial discrimination among other people. In my opinion generating a program is the best idea since it will assist much those victims who had suffered such unethical treatment of racial discrimination in past instead of applying racial preference. This program will fulfil the racial non-discrimination rule because the basis for help would be individual hurt and not racial identity. However, it will only assist a portion of those who are now benefiting from race-based confirmatory act (Higginbotham, 2013).               Due to frequent exhibitions of racial discrimination, it is evident that in some areas of the world and by governmental strategies centered on hatred or racial superiority, for example the apartheid, racial segregation is an ideal issue in any human society. However, the issue of affirmative action was suggested during reconstruction period which led to U.S civil war. When the battle ended, those groups of people who were in the southern region owned nothing and had inadequate skills which could help them to earn a living. The groups appealed for equal rights and wanted opportunity in the public grounds of employment and education to be equal. In various ways, they succeeded and as affirmative action developed, however, it portrayed rise of criticism from whites and men who viewed it as an â€Å"opposite segregation†. The debate over affirmative action has rotated around a collection of highly charged words, which sometimes complicates, instead of enlig htening the discussion. Therefore it is significant to note that affirmative action play as a control where discrimination has been found to exist or approved. Goals serve as one measure of non-discrimination and of the efficiency of affirmation achievement efforts, not as a directive for female employment or minority (Raza et. Al, 1999).               The implications of international economic policy on foreign policymaking has become more difficult in the period of globalization since the number of players that require to be engaged along has increased. Referring from the traditional foreign policy, only few number of governments could deal with each other on moderately number of issues in accordance to the established terms and conditions. Currently, however, that cannot apply for national interests to be considered. There is now, in accumulation to rising number of countries, an innumerable of fresh players which want to be considered as awn domestic addressees as well as the domestic addressees of the countries wants powerful economic units (Burns, 2010). References Burns, R N, Jonathon Price, Jr J. S. Nye, and Brent Scowcroft. The Global Economic Crisis: And Potential Implications for Foreign Policy and National Security. Aspen Institute, The, 2010. Print. Higginbotham, F M. Ghosts of Jim Crow: Ending Racism in Post-Racial America. , 2013. Print. Raza, M A, A J. Anderson, and Harry G. Custred. The Ups and Downs of Affirmative Action Preferences. Westport, Conn: Praeger, 1999. Print. Knecht, Thomas. Paying Attention to Foreign Affairs: How Public Opinion Affects Presidential Decision Making. University Park, Pa: Pennsylvania State University Press, 2010. Print. Source document

Economics Report 3 Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1750 words

Economics Report 3 - Essay Example The company currently is also observed to be focused on product differentiation to obtain competitive advantages through the demand shift trends reflected in the recent market changes. Table of Contents Abstract 2 Table of Contents 3 1.0. Introduction 4 1.1. Report Brief 4 1.2. Company Background 4 1.3. Research Aim 4 1.4. Method of Data Collection 5 2.0. Literature Review 5 2.1. Demand Theory 5 2.1.1. Demand Curve 5 2.1.2. Price and Demand Elasticity 6 2.2. Market Structure Theory 6 2.2.1. Product Differentiation Theory 7 2.2.2. Sales Revenue Maximization Theory 7 2.3. Long Run Theory 8 3.0. Case Study 8 3.1. Demand Curve Shift 8 3.1.1. Sainsbury Investment 9 3.2. Market Structure 9 3.2.1. Product Differentiation Strategy 10 3.2.2. Product Shift and Sales Maximization 10 3.3. Unconventional Long Run Company 11 4.0. Conclusion and recommendation 11 4.1. Answer to Aim 11 4.2. Overall Conclusion 11 4.3. Recommendations 12 References 13 1.0. Introduction 1.1. Report Brief This report ai ms at examining the current performance deciphered by the UK based retail giant, J. Sainsbury plc (Sainsbury). Accordingly, to accomplish the defined objective, various economic theories have been applied and eventually, make suggestions for the better performance of the company in future. 1.2. Company Background The retailing company was founded in 1869 by John James Sainsbury and his spouse Mary Ann Sainsbury. Since then the company has been growing at a sustainable pace. Currently, the company operates over 1,106 supermarkets and convenient stores and has an employee base of 157,000. Operating in the retailing industry the company has it’s headquarter in London (J Sainsbury plc, 2013). 1.3. Research Aim As mentioned above, this study aims at researching the current developments in Sainsbury’s strategic behaviour along with that observed in its industrial trends, with the application of relevant theories. Based on the inferences drawn from the assessment of Sainsbury ’s current developments, as presented in its annual report for the year 2013, the essay also aims to suggest few rational recommendations to the company. 1.4. Method of Data Collection The primary source used in this research is the 2013 annual report of Sainsbury. Besides this source, information from the company website are also used in this essay, as per as the requirement. Additionally, inferences have been drawn from relevant peer-reviewed journals and academic sources so as to accomplish the research aim. 2.0. Literature Review 2.1. Demand Theory According to the demand theory, explained in Reynolds (2011), customers’ willingness to buy the commodities served by a particular industry or by a company along with their purchasing capacity, determines the market demand. The theory bases its assumptions on the study of various determinant factors that influence consumer willingness and their purchasing power as well. These determinant factors include, the price of the products (Px), price of the other goods or substitute goods (P0), income of the consumer (I), advertisement and the structure of population (N) among others. Thus, the demand function is depicted as D = f (Px, P0, I, N). The theory further assumes that consumer demand for a particular commodity varies if

US Government and Terrorism Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 750 words

US Government and Terrorism - Essay Example It is important to think how the three branches of our Federal Government can help us evaluating our capacity to fight against terrorism either. This paper will also analyze the US scope of collaborating with Russia in this regard and what if such mutual understanding is not possible. The 3 branches of the government, Legislature, Executive, and Judiciary play an important role in evaluating the capacity of the country to fight against international terrorism. Representatives from each of the states constitute the two houses of the legislative, and hence they can collectively make laws for protecting public interests. The President is elected by the entire country and being the head of the Executive branch makes laws official. The Oklahoma City bombing on April 19, 1995 and the shocking attack on the World Trade Centre in New York on September 11, 2001 were extremely disastrous and the most remarkable among all terrorist attacks happened in the US till date. Soon after the September 11 attack the USA PATRIOT Act of 2001 was signed by the President with a title of Uniting and strengthening America by providing appropriate tools required intercepting and obstructing Terrorism. The PATRIOT Act had made certain changes to the US laws. Arguably, the powers granted by the law were effectively utilized by the agents that there has not been any severe terrorist attack since the PATRIOT Act came into force. However, in the ever changing scenario, laws enacted once may not be sufficient to address the issue. For instance, many a time the threat is in new forms and the vagueness blurs the strategy as well. It is the responsibility of the legislature to review the effectiveness of the measures taken so far to curb the issue. The war against terrorism has already been proved ineffective. There should be more comprehensive measures to address the issue. It is possible only if the threat is defined on the grounds of most recent developments and events. Legislature has to anal yze the effectiveness of the nation’s collaborative efforts on intelligence, law enforcement, military, financial, and diplomatic channels with other nations in addressing terrorism. Russia supported the US during their war in Afghanistan against terrorism but was disappointed of the US foreign policy after 9/11. Russia’s coalition against US in Iraq war created problems between the two countries. The disputes were due to the gap in understanding what the International terrorism is and also the partnership between Russia and US was not based upon the coordination of interests or approaches (Sursolve, n. p.). Measures must be taken to improve the understanding between the two nations in terms of growing terror threat. Strong alliance between these two powerful nations can suppress terrorism to a great extent. The fight against terrorism should be a positive agenda of Russia-US relations in upcoming years regardless of all disputes. Since the fight against terrorism is h igh on NATO’s policies, US allies and the German government together invoked Article 5 of the Charter which says an attack on any member shall be considered to be an attack on all, and NATO greatly supported US during the September 11 attack. Germany considers the Islamic terrorism as their primary threat and therefore they had responded to the 9/11 event by offering military and other assistances and also has supported and contributed to US in many ways in fighting against international

Proposal Assignment Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words - 2

Proposal - Assignment Example Registration with the government authorities will offer a proper means of tracking such fraudsters. All Websites operating as sells agents without registration should be closed down with immediate effect so as to safeguard the welfare of the members of the public. The law will ensure that only registered firms and organization that can be held liable in cases of fraud are allowed to operate in e-commerce (Manzoor, 2010). The proposed law is set to offer a good environment for the online business organization by ensuring fair and healthy competition. This will enable the businesses to make good profit reducing the risks of having their operations terminated by the authorities (Dholakia, et. al, 2002). The proposed legislation will hinder small scale businesses who cannot meet the terms of registration from taking part in online business (Khosrow-Pour, 2004). Businesses that desire to sell their products online under short-term notice cannot do so as they have to comply with the registration requirements. The legislation will prevent online shoppers from obtaining products at low prices from unregistered online suppliers. Consumers who do not want to engage in official sales terms are likely to lose after the enactment of this proposed law. Unintended consequence likely to emerge from the proposed law is reduction in the number of organizations that take part in e-commerce and this is likely to have negative impact on the economy. Companies that fail to register with the authorities will have to find other means of selling their products besides online business (Plant,

Situation 1 Coursework Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 250 words

Situation 1 - Coursework Example Lugar was inspired by the personal experience he got when helping out his mom with her garage sale. Prior work experience might also contribute in Lugar’s idea. Through his experience with other garage sales in the area, Lugar believed that he had the capability to offer new services to people regarding garage sales. Lugar’s start up idea is worth trying. The fact that Lugar has good pricing insights and is ready to use advertising to make his business feasible and successful gives him an upper hand in the area. Using pricing strategies for the garage sales idea is an important service differentiation method that can offer superior performance and thus, competitive advantage in the market. Wise pricing will help customers happy because they will maximize their profits and risk of not selling the garage items. Lugar’s pricing strategy might help ensure customer loyalty thus make the concept successful. However, before developing the concept into a business plan Lugar needs to conduct a feasibility analysis to assess the probability of the business becoming successful (Longenecker, Petty, Hoy, & Palich,