Wednesday, July 31, 2019
Lan Operating Systems Scenarios
Read the three scenarios below, then answer the questions that follow each scenario. 1. You are the network administrator for a new company that has 10 users and plans to add five more users within a year. The files need to be accessed by all 10 users and each user must have different security rights. What kind of network would you install and how would the pieces and components of this network relate to each other? Define each component. For this situation, I would first recommend a server, which an administrator can assign different security rights. Second, I would recommend a star topology network with a central switch. A star topology is the easiest topology to manage and add other devices. The switch is the best central device to use to segment traffic and alleviate collisions that would occur from a hub. The components such as the nodes would connect to the switch, which would allow communication with the other nodes or devices. In addition, Ethernet cables would be needed to connect to the back of the PC or NIC card. 2. You are the network administrator for a company that has a peer-to-peer network. How would the pieces and components of this network relate to each other? Define all of the components of this type of network. In a peer-to-peer network, all of the devices connected to the network share each other’s resources. This is common in a LAN network that does not have a server. 3. You are the administrator of a client-server environment. What kind of network would you install and how would the pieces and components of this network relate to each other? Define each component of a typical client-server environment. In this scenario, I would again recommend a star topology due to its manageability and scalability. In this model, one would need computers, server, cables, and operating systems. The nodes would go through the switch or router and then that device would get those resources from the serever..
Tuesday, July 30, 2019
Effects of Divorce on Children Essay
A divorce is a law that ends all the legal relationship of married couple, except those that are written in the decree of divorce. Parenting arrangement, spousal support, financial obligations, payments of debts, division of property, and support of the children are the things that can be included in the divorce decree. (Divorce)            A court of law should certify a divorce because legalities are needed to dissolve a marriage. The court decides on certain matters that can lead to years of hearing, as well as to a stressful and expensive experience. (Divorce)            Studies show that 27 percent of Americans have been divorced and the term â€Å"till death do us part†is becoming less likely. 43 percent of first marriages also end up in separation within 15 years. Second marriages also have lesser chnace of survival than first marriages. It was also found out that couples who married early are less likely to survive the marriage than those who married at older age. (Divorce Doesn’t Last)            For many years, it has always been a debate of whether or not the parents should work out the relationship for the sake of the children. A lot of people stand by the fact that when a relationship starts to fall, there’s no other way but down. But is it really worth it to stay in a married life for the sake of the children? Or is it better to part ways instead of staying in a troubled relationship? According to Michael Cochrane, a lawyer specializzing in family laws, there are two reactions which the children fall into when it comes to the divorce of their paraents. The first one are the super-good children who believes that by showing a good behavior, their parents will finally be together again as a reward for them being good. The other one is the exact opposite, those that tries to get the attention of their parents by acting negatively. (Are Your Kids At Risk?)            When divorce enter into the married life, it will never be a question of whether the children will be hurt, but a question of how badly they will be hurt. (Are Your Kids At Risk)            Children of divorced couples are often affected by the conflicts that the separation brings. Their physical, moral, spiritual, and social growths are affected by this vicious phenomenon that seems to be the trend among married couples nowadays. Their value formation and moral identity suffers the most and their fear of the future starts to develop. (Divorce. Josh McDowell’s personal notes on divorce)            Fear, sadness, anger, confusion, worry, yearning, feeling of rejection, depression, conflicting loyalties, low self confidence, loneliness, high anxiety, and increased suicidal instincts are immediately felt by children upon the breakup of their parents. (Divorce. Josh McDowell’s personal notes on divorce)            Studies also show that if divorce occurs when the children are between 12 to 15 years old, their tendency is to react by attempting to speed up their growth, or to avoid growing up. (Divorce. Josh McDowell’s personal notes on divorce)                       A national survey among 20,000 adolescents found out that those children with divorced parents did worse than those who came from an intact family when it comes to the sense of personal control, happiness, friendship, and trust.            Boys are are also more likely to show or feel depression than girls. Substance abuse dependence, earlier involvement in sexual activities, depression and hostile behavior are more likely to follow after a divorce. (Divorce. Josh McDowell’s personal notes on divorce) Childrens of divorced parents also suffer from neglect or abuse. Child abuse is related to violent crime and deliquency, and divorce is germane in the background of an abused child. Mothers and fathers who are divorced tend to remarry but it can only worsen the problem because the step-parent usually continue abusing the children. The rate of sexual abuse among daughters and step-fathers are also very high, compared with biological abuse of fathers who are in intact families. Two professors from McMasters University in Canada, Professors Martin Daly and Margo Wilson, report that young children are more likely to be killed at the hands of step-parents. (Divorce. Josh McDowell’s personal notes on divorce)            Children of divorced parents can experience varied effects. From short-term to long term, and from mild to severe. Although not all children of divorced parents experience difficulties, a lot of children are still negatively affected by the feeling of rejection. (Divorce. Josh McDowell’s personal notes on divorce)            Over a million American children suffer their parent’s divorce every year. Furthermore, children with divorced parents experienced the separation even before they reach their 18th birthday. The effects of divorce can also be a lifetime experience for the children involved. It can last from the day their parents separated, to their adulthood. (Divorce. Josh McDowell’s personal notes on divorce)            According to recent findings, children lose their contact with their fathers and are often not close with their mothers, and have difficulties adjusting with their step families. It was also found out that boys have a harder time in emotionally adjusting than girls. Studies also showed that 20-25 percent of children with divorced parents suffer more damage compared with the 10 percent from intact families. (We’re Successful and Hurt)            Children of divorced parents suffer a great deal when it comes to their emotions. Emotional difficulties are experience by these children. Divorce leads a child in being self-destructive, therefore contributing to his poor image. Children of divorce develops very low self-esteem, anxiety, grief, and depression which can lead to an early loss of virginity, less desire to be a parent, and higher divorce rate when they enter marriage. This is now becoming a vicious cycle. Children of divorce also tend to be engage in divorce later in their adult life. Divorce also reduces the capacity of a child to be productive because of the lack of will to work. (Divorce. Josh McDowell’s personal notes on divorce)            Younger children, especially those below 5 years old, are more susceptible to emotional conflicts that occur when their parents separated. They are often associated with problems of younger children such as bedwetting. On the other hand, older children often try to look for love away from home therefore withdrawing themselves from home life. A study by Judith Wallerstein says that when divorce occurs on the parents of the children between six to eight, a huge segment of children experinece severe sadness and a constant need for encouragement in their everyday work. Anxieties for them are very high when it comes to personal commitment when they are older, especially when they enter into a maried life. Other studies suggest that college students with divorce parents have low self-confidence and low self-esteem. (Divorce. Josh McDowell’s personal notes on divorce)            Divorce can lead to increase rates of suicides and suicidal tendencies, increased risks for problems regarding health, and increased burdens when it comes to the emotional, psychiatric, and behavioral factor. The psychological stability of a lot of children can be chaotic when parents part ways. Suicide is very high on children with divorced parents. More often, these children feel alone and neglected and the only way to escape their depression is by killing themselves. (Divorce. Josh McDowell’s personal notes on divorce)            Children of divorced parents are also having problems when it comes to their social role in the society. They tend to isolate themselves from other people because of the feeling of hopelessness. They are very much concerned about the betrayal of the one they love when it comes to their romantic relationship because they fear that what happened to their parents can also happen to them. They worry about being hurt or abandoned by their partner in life. (Divorce. Josh McDowell’s personal notes on divorce)            The parent’s divorce has a very high impact on the learning capacity and educational performance of the children as well as with their capacity to be an achiever. Educational difficulties are also experience by children who have divorced parents. They often show a slow learning capacity, and they perform poorly compared with other children. They also tend to repeat a grade level and drop out rates among these children are also very high. Divorce hinders learning by distracting the children’s way of thinking. This is because children tend to think more of the problem of their parents than that of their schooling. Because of its neghative effect on a happy home life, divorce can weaken a child’s capacity to learn. According to a study by the Kent State University in Ohio, children with divorced parents often have difficulty when it comes to studying compared with those that have a two-parent family. Cognitive scores are low for young children and math scores are badly performed to those children who do not have a father. On the other hand, there is an increase in the verbal capabilities of daughters when they are with their fathers. And even the most deterrent work on math and readin skills cannot eliminate the low performance at school among children with divorced parents. Furthermore, these children also have difficulties in relating with their peers and teachers. (Divorce. Josh McDowell’s personal notes on divorce)            Health problems are also experienced by children of divorced parents. The separation of the parents can also cause harmful physical health effects, and even worst, the length of a child’s life. A study shows that children whose parents parted ways before they reach their 21st birthday, can actually shortened the life sapn of those children by an average of four years. There is also a higher mortality rates for those children who have divorced parents than those who do not have. Another study also states that the mortality rates actually increases when the divorce occurs when a child does not yet reach his fourth birthday. Included in the health effects of of divorce during childhood are the larger increase in the rates of injury and higher asthmatic tendencies. Another study suggests that the negative effects of divorce on health did not subside even when a divorced parent remarried. Even Swedish researchers found that the differences in hospitalization rates and health risks are evident after they control for the social and family background. (Divorce. Josh McDowell’s personal notes on divorce)            Negative eveidences of divorce is indeed observable nowadays. And such indication of the negativity of divorce should be reason enough for the Americans to speak out and voice their views regarding this issue, or else, we will continue to experinec social putrefy. Policymakers should never forget to always look at both sides of divorce and never forget to consider the welfare of the children because they are the primary victims of this social issue. Marriage education should be expanded as to help the couples to save their marriage. (Divorce. Josh McDowell’s personal notes on divorce)            The family is indeed the basic unit of the society. It is where children first gain confidence and it is their very first school. The parents are their first teachers and their siblings are their first friends. The importance of a family is indeed very significant in contributing to the ddevlopment of the society. Intact families are more likely to develop productive citizens than those with parents who are separated. Although it is safe to conclude that intact families tend to develop good better children, it doesn’t mean that children of divorced parents cannot produce productive citizens. The growth of a child depends on the upbringing of a parent, divorced, or not. How the parents handle the issue of divorce is the most imporatnt factor when it comes to the betterment of the children. In conclusion, it is trenchant to say that divorce is really rampant nowadays, but people should always keep in mind that the children are the parents’ responsibility. It is up to them to let their children feel loved no matter what the marital situation is. Respect and understanding should also be observed in order to ensure a child’s bright future. Parents should also never understimate the importance of communication with their children because it is the only way to know what they feel. Parents should explain to their children the reason why the marriage did not work out. They should help their children realize how important they are for both parents even if they parted ways. They should also make them understand that instead of using the divorce as a way to destroy one’s life, why not take it as a challenge and find better ways to improve their life even without their parents being together.            Through the institutions of our society, we must teach the people that a home, with parents never fails to show love and respect for each other is the best environment to raise happy and healthy children, and that the family is the most important institution to develop the children’s social, emotional and physical well being.   Works Cited:   (Are Your Kids At Risk?) Retrieved on June 16, 2006 from http://www.divorcemag.com/cgi-bin/show.cgi?template=article&state=CA&article=children/kidsatrisk   (A Kid’s Guide to Divorce) Retrived on June 16, 2006 from http://kidshealth.org/kid/feeling/home_family/divorce.html   (Divorce). Retrieved on June 16, 2006 from http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Divorce (Divorce). Retrieved on June 16, 2006 from http://www.utahbar.org/bars/slcbar/html/divorce.html (Divorce Doesn’t Last). Retrieved on June 16, 2006 from  www.gallup.com/content/print.aspx?ci=11161  (Divorce. Josh McDowell’s personal notes on divorce) Retrieved on June 16, 2006 from http://www.josh.org/notes/file/Internet8-Divorce.pdf#search=’divorce’ (We’re Successful, and Hurt) Retrieved on June 16, 2006 from http://www.americanvalues.org/html/c-we_re_successful_and_hurt.shtml Â
Monday, July 29, 2019
Life long learning Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 250 words
Life long learning - Essay Example Through information technology, people can improve the availability and quality of education at all levels. Life-long learning makes it possible for individuals to acquire knowledge on some of the new research or experiments available for the technical field. In the field of information technology (IT), individuals can learn virtually. Achieving this ability is possible by using electronic tools such as personal computers and accessing the internet. These electronic tools create some form of flexibility since people can choose to learn anytime at any place they choose without experiencing social status, time and venue constraints (Osorio, Arthur, & Adrie 36). Institutions of higher education can make use of advancements in communication technologies to offer learning opportunities to individuals outside the traditional classrooms. It is possible to achieve this consideration by using the e-learning platform. In this case, people should consider e-learning as supportive to the traditional learning methods such as the classroom environment. When educational institutions implement e-learning initiatives, they unite the process of conventional and distance education. Such a consideration will make it possible for interested individuals to ex pand their knowledge in the field of information technology. Through e-learning, it will also be possible for a person to keep up-to-date with technical developments. Osorio, Javier, Arthur Tatnall, and Adrie Visscher. Information Technology and Educational Management in the Knowledge Society: 6th International Working Conference on Information Technology in Educational Management (item), July 11-15, 2004, Las Palmas De Gran Canaria, Spain. New York, NY: Springer, 2005.
Sunday, July 28, 2019
Financial Management Principles Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words
Financial Management Principles - Essay Example As an international player, the company is also very aggressive in pursuing strategies to capture rapidly developing economies in Europe and Asia. As an investor, I believe that an investment in Dell will yield substantial profit. Its leadership position in the global information technology (IT) industry makes it very attractive to investors. The unique and innovative business model of Dell which eliminates wastage and significantly increases production efficiency gives it strong brand equity. This good reputation significantly bids up the price of its stock. Dell's efficiency contributes to profitability. Dell's stock is a good investment as reflected on its various financial ratios. Table 1 shows the financial ratios of Dell which is divided in four groups-profitability, leverage, activity, and efficiency. Based on Table 1, Dell shows superior profitability. The company's return on equity is 86.5 % which reveals that every dollar invested in the firm's stock will yields $.856 cents within a year. The company also generates a return on asset of 15.5% while gross margin accounts for 18.2% of the entire revenue. The company's profitability ratios reflect its efficient cost management. Dell is recognized as one of the most efficient companies in the IT industry.
Saturday, July 27, 2019
Theory Testing Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 750 words
Theory Testing - Essay Example The basic principles in comfort theory are offering a holistic approach to nursing. This is achieved through supporting clinical decision made by health officials. Secondly, the theory defines nursing care and explains why a patient requires a specific health care basing on their health condition. The theory also elaborates the importance of family members and patient when participating in the nursing process for effective recovery of the patient (Walker, 2011). Comfort Theory Kolcaba described nursing as a process of determining a patient needs, making and implementing effective nursing interventions and assessing a patient comfort after nursing interventions. Evaluating may be through objective such as observing a wound as it heals or subjective which involves asking patient questions in order to understand if they are comfortable. Kolcaba also developed a theory to be used by nurses when caring for patients (Cook, 2008). This is a nursing theory developed by Katharine Kolcaba in 1 990s. Kolcaba broke down the theory into three forms. Ease: This involves placing patients in a comfortable state for them to feel relaxed. It involves solving issues that could cause stress or anxiety to a patient. Second is relief which is achieved through alleviating any pain that a patient may be experiencing. Comforting a patient through alleviating any physical injury on them that causes pain is an example of a relief. Lastly, transcendence is a state of comfort in which clients are able to overcome their challenges and recover their original form (Cook, 2008). Theory Testing Procedure Theory Testing Procedure involves qualitative analysis of comfort theory through critical thinking and assessing available data. The procedure involves exploring the richness, the depth and complexity involved in comfort theory. It is concerned with analyzing words, concept and impacts rather than the total number of patient under the given program. The procedures entail collecting information u sing relevant structures such as charts and maps and work out the procedure used in nursing. It also entails evaluating systems to determine whether they are effective enough in relieving, easing and transcendence a patient condition (Sitzman, 2011). The first step involves identifying a patient needs and investigating whether they are addressed. The second step is investigating the nursing interventions applied in comforting process. This is followed up by analyzing any extra measure taken to ensure the well being of a patient or enhance their comfort beyond their current conditions. Theory Testing Procedure should evaluate the methods used in identifying health seeking behaviors. These behaviors could be internal. In such case a patient has a health condition that could not be observed from outside. The second behavior could be external. This condition involves observable characteristics such as bleeding wound. The last step is analyzing the policies, practices and standards set i n comfort theory. These policies and practices should match a patient’s condition (Barry, 2005). Uses of Theory-Testing Outcomes The procedure is used to establish a patient comfort needs that have not been catered for by existing interventions or support systems. Nurses then design new interventions to handle unattended needs. The new intervention procedures are then taken into account to facilitate analysis in order to come up with immediate measures to enhance a patient comfort, and
THE ECONO,Y AND MONOPOLIES Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 250 words
THE ECONO,Y AND MONOPOLIES - Essay Example Monopoly is a concept that strides under macroeconomics. In addition, it is a situation when there is a single seller in the market who acts like the godfather of all products; it means that only the seller may alter prices of the products according to his own intentions. Below mentioned are three reasons (Allison, 2009) in which monopoly would not be efficient: There has been a consensus many times practically that a government intervenes in the decision making of the country in economic activities like monopoly. United States (US) is one of those economies that used antitrust policies to stop a monopoly from occurring. There are several companies that faced problems here in the US and the name of Microsoft is one of them, largest company of software development in the country. The government of the US took several actions against the company to restrict their quota of manufacturing products in order not to build monopolistic stance within the economy. Apart from that, Microsoft was obliged to disclose everything in front of the public before the making and launching of any product in order to minimize the effects of monopoly to comply with the standards and to be in contact with the economic consequences with the country of
Friday, July 26, 2019
Economics 2 Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1500 words
Economics 2 - Essay Example The stark contrasts in these unemployment figures reveal causative features in these two diverse European economies. The UK has a rich tradition of work culture resulting in high economic activities and thereby yielding low unemployment figures. The activities comprising employment turnover in UK is generally well coordinated ensuring better chances of employment for the unemployed while moving from one job to another in short period of time within the financial year. The job market is upbeat with healthy prospects for part time and contract employments. The availability of employment, however, does not per se serve as criteria for better quality economy. The parameters for economic excellence extend beyond the precincts of the employment factor. Advancing technologies, changing business practices, communication and information systems, globalization, etc. require adequate qualified and trained manpower. The lack of adequate education and training among significant number of job seekers in UK to meet the growing demands of the industries is the mitigating factor in UK's economy. This factor is problematic for employers on the lookout for candidates possessing the right educational qualification and skills. Nonetheless, organizations such as Learning and Skills Councils (LSCs) have taken up the responsibility of providing ways and means for continually educating young adults over 16 years of age and also providing them with job-specific training. One of the major causes for unemployment in the UK can be attributed to the insufficient availability of prospective candidates possessing the right educational qualifications and skills. Other reasons may comprise job seekers' lack of motivation or disproportionate expectations. Still, other factors may relate to the job market situation of the day necessitating lay off, etc. Also, changing or leaving jobs for better prospects could leave some people without employment for some time. Advancing technologies is another reason for unemployment. Technologies and communication systems are changing the way we work the world over. Job competition in such situation causes employers to seek out hard working, efficient candidates for various posts leaving less efficient or motivated individuals jobless. (Tim Miller) Unemployment in Italy The unemployment scenario in Italy is spread unevenly along the lines of region, gender and age. Unemployment among the female workforce is approximately 14.4%. It is 8% for the male working population. Given the fact that Italy espouses conservative social values, many female young adults choose to stay home if safe and secure jobs are not available. Unemployment among
Thursday, July 25, 2019
Leadership Skills and Acquisition of Feedback Research Paper
Leadership Skills and Acquisition of Feedback - Research Paper Example In accordance to Witherspoon, evaluation of individual employees’ perceptions leads to the establishment of revelations concerning the workforce. Through critical evaluation approaches, there is evidence that different employees are capable of deciphering knowledgeable feedback from the management in accordance with levels of intelligence, experience, and other demographic variables. The implementations are that a leader needs to ensure evaluation of cognitive and behavioral patterns exhibited by each employee since they shall derive the desired relationships towards achieving the long-range goals and objectives. The argument emanates from the advantageous approach, which shall enable the management to establish leadership credentials of deploying effective team management characteristics (Silverman, Pagson, & Caber, 2013). At the problem identification stage, the management outlines the various stages of failure for the personnel while undertaking their daily course of tasks, and emphasized on the model approaches that shall embrace the delivery of positive feedback prior to execution tasks. Everyone that has skills in leadership management is knowledgeable about the importance of addressing individual employees in accordance to their behavioral characteristics. Further, it is evident that managers with the ability evaluate employees thus enabling organizations to acquire teamwork. The cognitive process of effective team and performance management intrigues in the critical analysis and evaluation of different management practices as denoted by Witherspoon and Silverman amongst others. Ultimately, the leadership approach to assessing individuals in the organization settles on evaluating the particular practices, and the composition of the workforce in the organizations (Cannon &Witherspoon, 2005). Reflecting on my feedback to the candidate done through random exchange of work with peers My colleagues argue out that all leaders must engage in teambuilding to ensure performance of tasks thus being assured of the acquisition of the set goals and objectives in the end. The employee tally determines the valuable outcomes of the research since the management should ensure a precise study without conflicting the companies’ workforce. Provision of feedback As the leader After the company’s immensity into evaluating the vitality feedback, I seek to use my leadership position in addressing the salient role of implementing strategies that will hold everyone in the organization accountable for his tasks. However, it is certain that feedback may not serve to the decline of conflicts and poor performances; it is evident that the approach is salient to the gradual improvement of the organization. Therefore, there will be ready information in provision to all employees in order to address the issue of unexpected conflicts, and laxity in the performance of duties (Silverman, Pagson, & Caber, 2013). Initially, the management perceived that the unbearable employee conflicts emanated from the prevailing management styles.
Wednesday, July 24, 2019
HIV Testing Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1000 words
HIV Testing - Essay Example On the one hand the need for prevention of HIV transmission clearly rectifies the need for antenatal scanning. On the other hand the choice of conduction of the test is in the hands of the patient and not the hospital or healthcare providers. To do so with out the patient's consent would be illegal and undesirable. The psychological and social disadvantages are one of the major concerns for the patients. (Mercey, 1998) Therefore in order to encourage patients, the testing must in these cases ensure protection against "discrimination, stigmatism and violence."(HIV in pregnancy, 1998) The guidelines put forward by the UK government state that by the 31December 2000, all women are to be offered an HIV test as part of their integral care. The guidelines also insist upon increasing antenatal HIV testing to 50% or more. Further, the guidelines state that these percentages must be increased to 90% so that 80% of the women can be identified for HIV during antenatal testing. (DoH,1999) the policy although well made fails to mention issues of HIV related to immigration, asylum, care for children living in the UK with the disease or parents with disease, and support for mothers who are HIV positive.(Kawonza, 2002) There is no doubt that the identification of the disease in a ... There is no doubt that the identification of the disease in a woman beforehand is better than discovering it late. The chances of reducing the baby's risk of getting HIV can be halved through avoiding breast feeding. (Dunn et al, 1992) These chances can be further reduced via the administration of Zidovudine. (Conner et al, 1994) The policy of universal testing has been introduces, so as encourage women in to taking the test. In this way patients living in area of high risk will be more willing to take the test, as oppose to targeting some part of the total population. (Kawonza, 2002) However, despite efforts, Nicoll et al reports antenatal detection rates of only 7%, with no signs of improvement over time.(Nicoll, 1996p 253). This could be due to patient's fear of breach of confidentiality, especially when the patient herself has just recently found our about her HIV status or when she has not informed anyone of her condition. The introduction of cesarean in cases of HIV positive mothers is currently one of the most recommended techniques to reduce the chances of the baby getting infected. This technique has gained much popularity and approval among the health care workers, and is now currently used in conjunction with antiretroviral drug therapy and avoidance of breast feeding. Clayden (2005) in reference to the renewed guidelines set by the UK relating to pregnancy states that the mode of delivery recommended in such cases is elective caesarean at 38 weeks. Although she does emphasizes on the maternal consent in this regard. (Clayden, 2005) Note that the risk of getting HIV is high at 34 weeks of gestation. (European study, 1992) Although the benefits of choosing caesarean as the mode of delivery does have its merits,
Tuesday, July 23, 2019
Chapter 5 ( second half ) Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words
Chapter 5 ( second half ) - Essay Example In such a way, this brief analysis will mention and seek to quickly note why these questions are of importance as well as seek to underscore the key components of the chapter that were the most interesting with regards to this particular student. Firstly, the authors raise the question of what degree consciousness plays into an understanding of self. It can of course be understood that without a base line level of consciousness that any self actualization whatsoever would be impossible. However, this is not specifically what the authors are referencing. Rather, they seek to raise the question and present information with regards to the degree that individual consciousness helps to define and differentiate understandings and representations of self within broader psychology and society. Tangentially, a further question is raised alongside this with regards to the universality of this consciousness and whether or not it varies, and to what degree, among individuals. Naturally, it can be assumed that consciousness varies precipitously; however, when acquiescing to this, the stakeholder must realize that giving too broad a range to human consciousness weakens to the level and extent to which the interpretation of the â€Å"self †can be universally verified and defined. Yet, by the same token, too weak an understanding of the role that this consciousness plays lends the stakeholder to de-emphasize its overall importance. Furthermore, the chapter references the means by which the â€Å"self†is an ever growing and expansive reality. Ultimately, memory and the psychological interpretation of self is in an ever evolving metamorphosis. As a means of drawing a further level of understanding to this question, the authors present a variety of different psychological scholars that have performed studies and presented theories with regards to the ways in which different stages of human development and memory retention
Monday, July 22, 2019
Civil Disobedience Essay Example for Free
Civil Disobedience Essay Based on the writings of Henry David Thoreau it is very relevant that he is very opposed to government involvement of any kind. He doesn’t believe that the government should be involved in everyday life. Thoreau doesn’t understand the point of having a government system that will be useful to everyone and not just a select few. Thoreau proceeds to explain his many reasons as to why the â€Å"government is best [when it] governs [the] least.†He thought people should stand up to the very ones that made society so corrupt and weak. Thoreau believes the government puts personal selfish interests on a pedestal. Thoreau’s opening statement set the tone for his entire essay. He begins his essay by saying that the government, so far, has rarely proven to be useful. He believes that the power the government has derived from the majority rather than the few. This is mainly because the majority is the strongest group not because their viewpoint is right but because they have many in numbers. He then continues to express the fact that many people do what they believe is right and not to just follow the law created by the majority. He insists that people should do away with the law all together when the legal system becomes unjust. Thoreau then states that the United States is a perfect example of an unjust government. He believes that is because of the fact that they have shown support of slavery and they have participated in the practice of aggressive war. In regards to a man following his first obligation, Thoreau believes that a man isn’t obligated to get rid of the evils of the world, but he is obligated not to take part in these evils. This means that no man should feel the need to participate in an unruly government if he does not choose to do so. Thoreau asks, â€Å"Must the citizen ever for a moment, or in the least degree, resign his conscience to the legislator? Why has every man a conscience, then? I think we should be men first, and subjects afterward.†He is basically stating that it is far more important to develop respect for what is right, rather than a respect for law. Thoreau sets a very powerful and aggressive tone by choosing to open his essay this way. Thoreau doesn’t see the effectiveness of reform within the US government. Thus, he wants his readers to feel the same way. He then says that he is convinced that petitioning and voting for change achieves very little. Thoreau uses a wide variety of examples, some personal, that depict the unjust system that he discusses. By using his own personal experiences, he is allowing the reader to fully understand everything he is trying to depict. He speaks on the fact that during a protest against slavery, he refused to pay the taxes that were issued to him. Because of his refusal to pay the taxes, he spent the night in jail. But, overall his thoughts and opinions dissociated him from the government because he chose not to participate in its institutions. He then states that one can’t see the government for what it really is because one is still working within it. And, in this way they believe that everything is justified because they are a part of the strong majority. He feels that having too much respect for law causes people to do wild things. For example, he believes that the government has turned soldiers into machines for their own personal use making them a shadow of what is real. Thoreau is very passionate and honest about everything that he says. He wants the reader to know exactly where in his heart these words are coming from. He never uses a harsh syntax or diction when writing because he doesnt want to sound angry. Throughout his essay, Thoreau uses an intense appeal to pathos. He mostly uses pathos when he describes a conversation with his cell mate. Thoreau asks his fellow prisoner what he got put in jail for and the man replied saying, they accuse me of burning a barn; but I never done it. Thoreau does this to appeal to the emotion of his readers by showing them that what the government does isnt fair. He also shows this when he says that he has been waiting 3 months for his trial, and he will probably have to wait another 3 months before he actually gets his trial. Thoreau describes the conversation to paint a picture in the minds of his readers, of an innocent man that had to wait a half a year to attempt to prove innocence. The fact that this innocent man was spending his waiting time in jail, draws a lot of sympathy from his readers. Thoreau also uses a great deal of imagery in this essay. When describing his jail cell, he used the rooms were whitewashed once a month He was doing this to show his audience that his punishment really wasnt as bad as most people thought it would be. Thoreau even said that he viewed his cell almost as if it were an apartment, and the jail house, a city. This supports his idea that jail technically isnt a punishment for those in it. Thoreau, here, is trying to persuade the readers to stand together and revolt against the government because it is their duty to do so. He then goes on to say that neither him, nor his cell mate pose any real threat to society. This makes the reader question his place in jail. If he really wasnt a threat, then why was he locked up? Thoreau is very opinionated about his very broad views of the government. He believes that the government has only lasted this long because people refuse to execute their own will. And, until this happens, no changes will ever be made. Thoreau wishes for a society in which man makes decisions of his own mind and not the mind of those that are trying to suppress the truth. In some aspects Thoreau is right. Some current laws are not honorable. Overall, Thoreau just wants to conform to the laws set in place, but he feels that that phenomenon won’t happen. In his essay, Thoreau makes it very clear of his idea that government is best [when it] governs [the] least. He uses many rhetorical strategies such as imagery, symbolism and pathos as an effort to persuade the readers that the best kind of government is one of laissez-faire. His main ideas were present in his writing. He wanted to show people that a hands-off government is not the best thing for everyone. Because if he was thrown in jail for one night due to the fact he didnt pay poll tax for six years, then why dont people step up and revolt against the government? He wanted the reader to feel empowered by his words so that there could truly be a change in government policies.
The Notebook Essay Example for Free
The Notebook Essay The film The Notebook is a 2004 romantic drama set along the coast line of South Carolina in 1946, directed by Nick Cassavetes. This film is an American love story between two young adults, Ally and Noah, which had fallen for each other over a short summer break and was torn apart due to financial differences that were looked down upon by Allys parents. Noah Calhoun, played by Ryan Gosling, is a rural southerner who had fought in world war two after his beloved Ally had left him after their summer romance had come to an abrupt end. This film is set from Noahs point of view many years later after their love had been rekindled while his Ally is in a nursing home suffering from onset Alzheimer’s which is to whom he is reading this love story too. The reason Noah and Allys summer love comes to an end is because Allys parents are these rich, essentially, stuck up people, who are only in Seabrook for summer vacation. To their dismay their daughter falls for this you man, Noah, who is just a commoner in town with not a dime to his name that they consider trash. This is why they pack themselves up with out a moments notice and leave town the next day. Upon Allys departure Noah writes Ally every day for a year, three hundred and sixty-five letters. Noah does not receive, not even one letter, back from Ally due to the fact that her mother takes every single letter that wrote and puts them aside so that Ally would not receive them. A while after Noah lists to be drafted for World War II where he loses his best friend in action. After returning home from war, to Noahs discovery, his father has sold their home to but an abandoned house in town. This was which was Noahs dream to restore this home for Ally; it was something they had talked about during that summer. After not seeing or hearing from Ally for several years Noah crosses paths with her in Charleston where she witnesses her kissing Lon, her current fiance, in a restaurant. Shattered by this seen this is Noahs drive to finish restoring the house, thinking that once Ally realizes what he has done she will come back to him. Amongst doing so with his father’s help, Noahs father passes, which gives him more drive to finish the home in order to bring back the one and only thing he feels he has left. Once finishing the house a picture of the home and Noah are photographed and place in the newspaper, Noah had tried selling the house but no offer was ever good enough when he thought about Ally. Ally is at a bridal shop when her mother shows her the paper where it had talked about her wedding being the biggest event of the year. It is then that Ally opens the paper and sees Noah standing next to the house when she faints. This is when Ally decides to leave and go back to Seabrook to see Noah and the gorgeous home he has restored, which is the seen I have chosen to analyze. Upon Allys arrival Noah is shocked; they spend a couple of days together making dinner enjoying each other’s company. Noah takes her out on the row boat to a place that is filled with these beautiful white birds that look like swans where Ally feeds them. On the way in it starts pouring rain they make it to the dock and Ally starts to run up to the dock to the house while Noah pulls the boat in and she stops and yells Why didnt you write me? It wasn’t over for me! Why didnt you write? Noah pauses, looks at her and says, I wrote you, three hundred and sixty-five letters. I wrote you every day for a year. Ally, You wrote me? Noah, It wasnt over for me either. It still isn’t over. Noah pulls her into kiss her and picks her up and carries her upstairs where they make love. Here I think the rain symbolizes and adds to the drama and emotion that the script is portraying. It allows the emotion to sink in a little deeper and reach the viewers down deep. Also being tha t this scene is outside in a rain storm, it’s gloomy and hazy. I believe that feelings adds to the confusion between Ally and Noah of her not knowing that Noah had written her and Noah not knowing that Ally had not received his letters. The setting allows you to sympathize for the misunderstanding more. This setting is taken as a full shot which allows you to view the landscape around Ally and Noah as well as their entire figure. It allows you to view their body language from a distance standing in the rain and how it affects their wardrobe. The quick close up as Noah pulls her in to kiss her as he picks her up allows the viewers to witness the emotion and passion that Noah and Ally have for one another. The next morning Allys mother shows up, once hearing she returned to Seabrook, she knew exactly where she would be able to find Ally. Her mother knocks on the door and asks Ally to come with her. She takes her to a factory where man is outside working and points to a man. She tells Ally that was her Noah so to speak when she was younger. She tells Ally’s that she knows how she feels because she loves her father but still has never forgotten or lost feelings for this man. She also tells Ally that this is her choice and that she will now respect any decision she makes but to make sure that the decision she makes is the one that will make her happy. They return back to the house and her mother hands her all of her letters and apologized for keeping them from her. She also advised her that Lon, her fiance, was in town. Noah sees all of her with the letters he wrote her several years ago and asks Ally what she is going to do. Ally states that she doesn’t know. Noah becomes frustrated because he is upset that they are back to that same place where their relationship is unknown after the few wonderful days that they have spent together. He tells Ally that she is scared of not having security, meaning money. Ally storms out to her car and says she has to go. Noah tells her Youre bored and you know it. If there wasnt something missing you wouldnt be here. Will you just stay with me? Ally, Why? Look at us we are already fighting. Noah, Thats what we do we fight. You tell me when I am being an asshole and I tell you when you are being a pain in the ass. Ally, So what? Noah, So its not going to be easy. Its going to be really hard; were going to have to work at this every day, but I want to do that because I want you. I want all of you, forever, everyday. You and me, everyday. †Noah tells asks here, Do something for me, just picture your life thirty, forty years from now. If its with him then go, go! I lost you once I think I can do it again if I thought it’s what you really wanted. But don’t you take the easy way out! For myself, I think the script has a lot to do with the way someone is going to react or feel about a film. In this scene, the script it so real and raw that everyone can relate to it and understand the emotion behind the feelings. The emotion behind the script is what engages the viewer to understand and keep them connected to want to watch the film and to continue being engaged. That is essentially one of the main ways of getting someone to connect with something, through emotion. Also in this scene they are outside but the camera view is focused on them, up close, personal. There is also not even a subtle back or outside noise which allows you to focus on the script. This scene also contains mostly an eye-level angle which puts the viewers on an equal footing with the Ally and Noah. This is one of the most commonly used angles in films to allow the viewers to feel more comfortable with the characters in the film. This setting being outside with Ally at her car wanting to leave after this romantic reconnection over the past two days I feel also adds drama, because the viewers at this point are not wanting Ally to leave Noah yet again. I believe that the techniques used in this film create such correlated cinematography. It allows you to create such a connection with the characters on such an emotional level. To do so and keep viewers connected and wanting more is what makes a good film. With these camera angles and shots, with the settings that they were in I feel were completed successfully and would not leave any viewer disconnected or un-oriented.
Sunday, July 21, 2019
The Roots Of Cybernetic Theory Philosophy Essay
The Roots Of Cybernetic Theory Philosophy Essay Cybernetics is the interdisciplinary study of the structure of regulatory systems. Cybernetics is closely related to control theory and systems theory. Both in its origins and in its evolution in the second-half of the 20th century, cybernetics is equally applicable to physical and social (that is, language-based) systems. Artificial Intelligence and cybernetics: Arent they the same thing? Or, isnt one about computers and the other about robots? The answer to these questions is emphatically, No. Researchers in Artificial Intelligence (AI) use computer technology to build intelligent machines; they consider implementation (that is, working examples) as the most important result. Practitioners of cybernetics use models of organizations, feedback, goals, and conversation to understand the capacity and limits of any system (technological, biological, or social); they consider powerful descriptions as the most important result. The field of AI first flourished in the 1960s as the concept of universal computation [Minsky 1967], the cultural view of the brain as a computer, and the availability of digital computing machines came together to paint a future where computers were at least as smart as humans. The field of cybernetics came into being in the late 1940s when concepts of information, feedback, and regulation [Wiener 1948] were generalized from specific applications in engineering to systems in general, including systems of living organisms, abstract intelligent processes, and language. History The roots of cybernetic theory Ã…Å ¾tefan Odobleja (1902-1978) was a Romanian scientist, one of the precursors of cybernetics. His major work, Psychologie consonantiste, first published in 1938 and 1939, in Paris, had established many of the major themes of cybernetics regarding cybernetics and systems thinking ten years before the work of Norbert Wiener was published in 1948. The word cybernetics was first used in the context of the study of self-governance by Plato in The Laws to signify the governance of people. The word cybernà ©tique was also used in 1834 by the physicist Andrà ©-Marie Ampà ¨re (1775-1836) to denote the sciences of government in his classification system of human knowledge. The first artificial automatic regulatory system, a water clock, was invented by the mechanician Ktesibios. In his water clocks, water flowed from a source such as a holding tank into a reservoir, then from the reservoir to the mechanisms of the clock. Ktesibioss device used a cone-shaped float to monitor the level of the water in its reservoir and adjust the rate of flow of the water accordingly to maintain a constant level of water in the reservoir, so that it neither overflowed nor was allowed to run dry. This was the first artificial truly automatic self-regulatory device that required no outside intervention between the feedback and the controls of the mechanism. Although they did not refer to this concept by the name of Cybernetics (they considered it a field of engineering), Ktesibios and others such as Heron and Su Song are considered to be some of the first to study cybernetic principles. Origins of cybernetics The term itself began its rise to popularity in 1947 when Norbert Wiener used it to name a discipline apart from, but touching upon, such established disciplines as electrical engineering, mathematics, biology, neurophysiology, anthropology, and psychology. Wiener, Arturo Rosenblueth, and Julian Bigelow needed a name for their new discipline, and they adapted a Greek word meaning the art of steering to evoke the rich interaction of goals, predictions, actions, feedback, and response in systems of all kinds (the term governor derives from the same root) [Wiener 1948]. Early applications in the control of physical systems (aiming artillery, designing electrical circuits, and maneuvering simple robots) clarified the fundamental roles of these concepts in engineering; but the relevance to social systems and the softer sciences was also clear from the start. Many researchers from the 1940s through 1960 worked solidly within the tradition of cybernetics without necessarily using the term, some likely (R. Buckminster Fuller) but many less obviously (Gregory Bateson, Margaret Mead). Origins of AI in cybernetics Ironically but logically, AI and cybernetics have each gone in and out of fashion and influence in the search for machine intelligence. Cybernetics started in advance of AI, but AI dominated between 1960 and 1985, when repeated failures to achieve its claim of building intelligent machines finally caught up with it. These difficulties in AI led to renewed search for solutions that mirror prior approaches of cybernetics. Warren McCulloch and Walter Pitts were the first to propose a synthesis of neurophysiology and logic that tied the capabilities of brains to the limits of Turing computability [McCulloch Pitts 1965]. The euphoria that followed spawned the field of AI [Lettvin 1989] along with early work on computation in neural nets, or, as then called, perceptrons. However the fashion of symbolic computing rose to squelch perceptron research in the 1960s, followed by its resurgence in the late 1980s. However this is not to say that current fashion in neural nets is a return to where cybernetics has been. Much of the modern work in neural nets rests in the philosophical tradition of AI and not that of cybernetics. Philosophy of cybernetics AI is predicated on the presumption that knowledge is a commodity that can be stored inside of a machine, and that the application of such stored knowledge to the real world constitutes intelligence [Minsky 1968]. Only within such a realist view of the world can, for example, semantic networks and rule-based expert systems appear to be a route to intelligent machines. Cybernetics in contrast has evolved from a constructivist view of the world [von Glasersfeld 1987] where objectivity derives from shared agreement about meaning, and where information (or intelligence for that matter) is an attribute of an interaction rather than a commodity stored in a computer [Winograd Flores 1986]. These differences are not merely semantic in character, but rather determine fundamentally the source and direction of research performed from a cybernetic, versus an AI, stance. Underlying philosophical differences between AI and cybernetics are displayed by showing how they each construe the terms in the central column. For example, the concept of representation is understood quite differently in the two fields. Relations on the left are causal arrows and reflect the reductionist reasoning inherent in AIs realist perspective that via our nervous systems we discover the-world-as-it-is. Relations on the right are non-hierarchical and circular to reflect a constructivist perspective, where the world is invented (in contrast to being discovered) by an intelligence acting in a social tradition and creating shared meaning via hermeneutic (circular, self-defining) processes. The implications of these differences are very great and touch on recent efforts to reproduce the brain [Hawkins 2004, IBM/EPFL 2004] which maintain roots in the paradigm of brain as computer. These approaches hold the same limitations of digital symbolic computing and are neither likely to ex plain, nor to reproduce, the functioning of the nervous system. DIFFERENT TYPES AND RESEARCH Cybernetics is an earlier but still-used generic term for many types of subject matter. These subjects also extend into many others areas of science, but are united in their study of control of systems. Consolidated Cybernetics Consolidated Cybernetics is a leading Software house based at Coimbatore, premier industrial city and an emerging Information Technology hub, in Tamil Nadu, Southern India, was established in 1993. Promoted and managed by IT Professionals, the company is spearheaded by a technocrat of distinguished experience. The company has multi location operations at Coimbatore, Chennai. The company, which started its operations in education and training, over the years grew into software development. Cybernetics partnered with world leaders Digital Equipment Corpn, Oracle Corpn and PSG College of Technology for education. Pure cybernetics Pure cybernetics studies systems of control as a concept, attempting to discover the basic principles underlying such things as ASIMO uses sensors and intelligent algorithms to avoid obstacles and navigate stairs. Artificial intelligence Robotics Computer Vision Control systems Emergence Learning organization New Cybernetics Second-order cybernetics Interactions of Actors Theory Conversation Theory Basic concepts of cybernetics Feedback and circular causality Feedback is a process whereby some proportion of the output signal of a system is passed (fed back) to the input. So, the system itself contains a loop. Feedback mechanisms fundamentally influence the dynamic behavior of a system. Roughly speaking negative feedback reduces the deviation or error from a goal state, therefore has stabilizing effects. Positive feedback which increases the deviation from an initial state, has destabilizing effects. Natural, technological and social systems are full of feedback mechanisms. The general principles of feedback control were understood by engineers, and autonomous control systems were used to replace human operators. This replacement can be done only up to a point, and consequently one is brought directly to face the question of the role of the human observer in technological systems. The mechanization of the mind Cybernetic considerations of mind was related to the assumptions that Thinking is a form of computation. The computation involved is not the mental operation of a human being who manipulates symbols in applying rules, such as those of addition or multiplication; instead it is what a particular class of machines do machines technically referred to as automata. By virtue of this, thinking can be modeled within the domain of the mechanical. Physical laws can explain why and how nature in certain of its manifestations, not restricted exclusively to the human world appears to us to contain meaning, finality, directionality, and intentionality. Application Cybernetics Engineering cybernetics(or Technical cybernetics) deals with the question of control engineering of mechatronic systems. It is used to control or regulate such a system; more often the term control theory encompasses this field and is used instead. Medical cybernetics investigates networks in human biology, medical decision making and the information processing structures in the living organism. Biological Cybernetics investigates communication and control processes in living organisms and ecosystems. Biorobotics is a term that loosely covers the fields of cybernetics, bionics and even genetic engineering as a collective study. Future Aspects Cybernetics: The Center of Sciences Future Cybernetics is not the same as robotics, and it has nothing to do with freezing dead people. It is as different from artificial intelligence as philosophy is from mud-pies. And, in the opinion of the speaker, it subsumes the hard sciences, the soft sciences, and the humanities as well. Emerging from control theory and the feeling that trans-disciplinary enquiry was critical, the field of cybernetics surged in the 1940s. By 1960 it had become a political no-no, coincidentally the same period that it exploded into new domains. Today the word has returned to common use, but its meaning and importance are not understood. Cybernetics directly influences revolutionary work in fields such as biology, cognitive science, family therapy, machine intelligence, and management. But what is it? Primarily an epistemological stance, cybernetics is informally characterized by the speaker as the science of describing; that is, a formal approach to the purpose and nature of this universal human activity. As such, it requires an examination of the subjectivity inherent in all description. Insofar as it exposes science as a consensual process (rather than a research for truth), it shows how science does not require a real world to do its work. Insofar as its primary observable is an interaction in which the observer inextricably participates, it is suitable for application to all human activities. In building his argument for the importance of cybernetics in the future of science, the speaker will give an overview of the philosophy and implications of the field. Examples will be given from his work in software development and management consulting, as well as from other important applications. He will draw implications for an ethics of scientific enquiry, the responsibility of the individual, and the signs of change in the world order. Referrence www.wikipedia.com www.scribd.com www.sciencedaily.com Books; Ashby, W. Ross, Design for a Brain. London: Chapman and Hall, 1960. Hawkins, Jeff and Blakeslee, Sandra, On Intelligence. Times Books, 2004. IBM/Ecole Polytechnique Fà ©dà ©rale de Lausanne (EPFL), http://bluebrainproject.epfl.ch/, 2004
Saturday, July 20, 2019
Cause and Effect of Anorexia Essay -- Health, Diseases
â€Å"I look like a normal, well-adjusted 15-year-old high school sophomore. I like talking to friends on the phone, riding my bike, watching TV, and spending time with my boyfriend. I make above average grades and like math and science classes the best. However, about a year ago, my weight dropped to 72 pounds. I lay in a hospital bed with unkempt hair, fragile limbs and a sunken face. I was seriously ill. The villainous disease was not cancer or AIDS. I had anorexia, a condition which afflicts many teens and young adults, especially young women.†Holly (Caringonline.org) Anorexia is a type of eating disorder who has an intense fear of gaining weight. They severely limit the amount of food they eat and can become dangerously thin (1). Anorexia affects both the mind and body and can even become deadly. Anorexia usually starts in the teen years and can go into adult hood. Untreated anorexia can lead to starvation and serious health problems, such as osteoporosis, kidney damage, and heart problems. Some people die from these problems (1). The cause of anorexia is not fully understood. It is thought to be from a mix of physical, emotional,, and social triggers (2). Extreme dieting changes how the brain and metabolism work, and it stresses the body. Genetics play a big part in anorexia. A combination of certain personality traits such as low self-confidence along with perfectionism and cultural and social pressures can play a big part in anorexia. For some teens, anorexia can be a way of coping with stressful events, such as moving, divorce, or t he death of a love one (2). People who have anorexia will often deny that anything is wrong. Almost half of people who have anorexia will eventually develop symptoms, binge-purge behav... ...at" on her legs and her stomach. She adamantly refused to see a doctor until she fainted while boarding the school bus. In the fall, she cut her forehead; her parents took her to the emergency room. Appalled by her emaciation, the physician said Anne suffered from anorexia nervosa and immediately admitted her to the hospital (library.thinkquest.org). Anorexia is a deadly disease if you don’t catch it early. Physically and psychologically anorexia will destroy your body and your mind. You get so consumed on limiting your calorie intake and ignoring your health by depriving your body from nutrients and malnutrition. Mentally by starving yourself you think you are in control but the disease ends up controlling you. Anorexia starts at a young age affecting teen but it can also affect adult hood. Anorexia does not only affect females but also affects males.
Friday, July 19, 2019
Death Penalty :: essays research papers
The first established death penalty laws date as far back as the Eighteenth Century B.C. in the Code of King Hammaurabi of Babylon, which codified the death penalty for twenty-five different crimes. The death penalty was also part of the Fourteenth Century B.C.’s Hittite Code; in the Seventh Century B.C.’s Draconian Code of Athens, which made death the only punishment for all crimes; and in the Fifth Century B.C.’s Roman Law of the Twelve Tablets. Death sentences were carried out by such means as crucifixion, drowning, beating to death, burning alive, and impalement.      In the Tenth Century A.D., hanging became the usual method of execution in Britain. In the following century, William the Conqueror would not allow persons to be hanged or otherwise executed for any crime, except in times of war. This trend would not last, for in the Sixteenth Century, under the reign of Henry VIII, as many as 72,000 people are estimated to have been executed. Some common methods of execution at that time were boiling, burning at the stake, hanging, beheading, and drawing and quartering. Executions were carried out for such capital offenses as marrying a Jew, not confessing to a crime, and treason (Bedau 3).      The number of capital crimes in Britain continued to rise throughout the next two centuries. By the 1700s, 222 crimes were punishable by death in Britain, including stealing, cutting down a tree, and robbing a rabbit warren. Because of the severity of the death penalty, many juries would not convict defendants if the offense were not serious. This lead to reforms of Britain’s death penalty. From 1823 to 1837, the death penalty was eliminated for over 100 of the 222 crimes punishable by death (Bender and Leone 16).      Britain influenced America’s use of the death penalty more than any other country. When European settlers came to the new world, they brought the practice of capital punishment. The first recorded execution in the new colonies was that of Captain George Kendall in the Jamestown colony of Virginia in 1608. Kendall was executed for being a spy for Spain. In 1612, Virginia Governor, Sir Thomas Dale, enacted the Divine, Moral and Martial Laws, which provided the death penalty for even minor offenses such as stealing grapes, killing chickens, and trading with Indians.      Laws regarding the death penalty varied from colony to colony. The Massachusetts Bay Colony held its first execution in 1630, even though the Capital Laws of New England did not go into effect until years later.
Rome :: Roman Culture Rome Military History Essays
Rome The Greeks, after their country had been reduced into a province, imputed the triumphs of Rome, not to the merit, but to the FORTUNE, of the republic. The inconstant goddess, who so blindly distributes and resumes her favours, had now consented (such was the language of envious flattery) to resign her wings, to descend from her globe, and to fix her firm and immutable throne on the banks of the Tiber.[1] A wiser Greek, who has composed, with a philosophic spirit, the memorable history of his own times, deprived his countrymen of this vain and delusive comfort by opening to their view the deep foundations of the greatness of Rome.[2] The fidelity of the citizens to each other, and to the state, was confirmed by the habits of education and the prejudices of religion. Honour, as well as virtue, was the principle of the republic; the ambitious citizens laboured to deserve the solemn glories of a triumph; and the ardour of the Roman youth was kindled into active emulation, as often as the y beheld the domestic images of their ancestors.[3] The temperate struggles of the patricians and plebeians had finally established the firm and equal balance of the constitution; which united the freedom of popular assemblies with the authority and wisdom of a senate-and the executive powers of a regal magistrate. When the consul displayed the standard of the republic, each citizen bound himself, by the obligation of an oath, to draw his sword in the cause of his country, till he had discharged the sacred duty by a military service of ten years. This wise institution continually poured into the field the rising generations of freemen and soldiers; and their numbers were reinforced by the warlike and populous states of Italy, who, after a brave resistance, had yielded to the valour, and embraced the alliance, of the Romans. The sage historian, who excited the virtue of the younger Scipio and beheld the ruin of Carthage,[4] has accurately described their military system; their levies , arms, exercises, subordination, marches, encampments; and the invincible legion, superior in active strength to the Macedonian phalanx of Philip and Alexander. From these institutions of peace and war, Polybius has deduced the spirit and success of a people incapable of fear and impatient of repose. The ambitious design of conquest, which might have been defeated by the seasonable conspiracy of mankind, was attempted and achieved; and the perpetual violation of justice was maintained by the political virtues of prudence and courage.
Thursday, July 18, 2019
Difference of Marketing Product and Service Essay
A product is normally a thing that sold to people and mostly is tangible. Basically, the marketing of product is particularly focused on 4P’s in marketing mix namely product, price, place, and promotion (Ehmke & Fulton & Lusk, n. d. ). The marketer needs to analyze the major demand of customers in a specific market in order to find out a product that can respond the market demand. Firstly, it is necessary for marketers to focus on the strength as well as eliminate the vulnerabilities of marketed products in order to improve products to meet customer’s demand as much as possible. Secondly, the price is an important factor in product marketing because of the price must be set to match with the purchasing power of a target group. The marketer should understand the nature price of selling products. For example, the perfume price might be high because it is considered as luxury good and the instant-noodle price might be low because of it is considered as convenience good. Thirdly, the place of product marketing refers to distribution channels to deliver and sell the product to customers. Lastly, the marketer also needs to create the promotion on the product in order to persuade customers and motivate the sale in a short term. On the other hand, a service is the action that provide for customers and also has a different characteristics from the product (Milliman, 1997). Therefore, the service marketing is somewhat different from product marketing. The service marketing is generally used service marketing mix or 7P’s which is extended from 4P’s by adding people, process and physical evidence (Rafiq & Ahmed, 1995). It is essential for any service industry to employ appropriate staffs or people. Hiring and training a good staff will impact positively on the organization because most of customers will judge the quality of service from staffs. Therefore, a company should hire a staff that has interpersonal skills, communication skills and good service know ledges in order to provide high quality of service to customers. In addition, process is a system used to support a company in delivering the service. Process also demonstrates the overall performance of the organization. For example, Macdonald consumers will get the order within 2 minutes. The marketer needs to focus on the process due to meet the customer’s satisfactory getting the service on time. Lastly, physical evidence is external factors that related to the environment around a service area impacting the customer’s impression. Fir Example, a Thai massage and spa uses eye-catching advertising billboard locating in front of the shop and traditional decoration and atmosphere to attract foreign customers. To sum up, the marketer generally uses 4P’s in product marketing including product, price, place and promotion. On the other hand, the service marketing involves 7P’s which people, price and physical evidence were added. Because of the difference in characteristics, there are more factors in service marketing and the marketer must more concern about the customer’s satisfactory during service time. Hence, the service marketing is somewhat different and also more complicated than product marketing. I think product and services marketing are significantly different because of characteristic of itself. The first characteristic of services marketing is intangibility; it cannot be seen, touched or felt prior consumption. On the other hands, product marketing is tangible, the customer is able to touch, feel, taste or smell the product either before or after purchasing. For example, when customers walk through a restaurant, they might get the food smell from the restaurant but they cannot know how well of service if they do not buy the menu. Secondly, products can be stored in order to sell to the customer in the next time whereas services marketing mostly are unable to be inventoried, they are perishable. Hence, the value of service always exists at the point when it is required. Therefore, it seems to be very difficult to match supply with demand in service marketing. Thirdly, the other difference of product and services marketing is the level of relationship between the client and provider. Undoubtedly, there is much more personal contact required in services marketing than product marketing. In case of product marketing, customers and sellers may face each other just once time when they are dealing products and they might have no chance to see each other again. However, in services marketing, consumers and service providers may have to see each other frequently throughout until the contract is ended or until the last thing that consumers expect to gain from a service provider. There is a difference in price setting between both marketing. With product marketing, the price is easy to set by calculating from value, the strength of a brand, the quality of material and the demand in market. Furthermore, the customer can ask for discount from vendors so there is high flexibility and a standard in the price setting of product marketing. On the other hand, service marketing is quiet difficult to set fairly price. Mainly, service companies have to calculate from the cost of hiring employees and servicing time. Some companies also charge initial fee and service taxes to customers. Additionally, the service price is considered less flexible because mostly consumers cannot ask for discount from service providers. Reference http://www.extension.purdue.edu/extmedia/EC/EC-730.pdf
Wednesday, July 17, 2019
Cross Cultural Business Negotiations (United States and Japan) Essay
twitchUnderstanding Cultures and acquiring skills necessary to require a cross ethnic moving in dialog a successful and idyllic experience for twain deviateies tangled requires untold much than(prenominal) than than vertical the overview of the agri burnish and it wricks secure because of the complexity of the close to grab the unblemished internality of a foreign culture with kayoed investing overflowing time and drive into it, however initial visualiseing of the c one timepts fag eradicate be a good buy the farm. familiar perception is that Ameri fag end personal credit line head for the hills force or omnibuss at times find iodinself out of their comfort z mavin when negotiating with their Nipponese facsimile because of the behaviours demonstrated by Nipponese which argon, just the wishs of whatsoever former(a) culture, ar simply seduce on their assumptions , beliefs, norms and customs which argon unfamiliar to opposite compe real. Under standing the cross cultural aspects ar luxuriouslyly estimable for either of the touch offies involved and fecal matter highly facilitate communicating by decreasing the chance of both possible mis projecting.Either Americans or Nipponese both rescue aim to establish their own cultural background with them trance negotiating which of course affects the behaviours and ultimately the end result. American and japanese cultures catchyly hold back whatever similarities so clashes caused by cultural differences argon inevit able for eccentric what may be considered unimp individuallyable by the standards of one troupe might non be acceptable by the standards of different. This makes accord the cultural issues and behaviours in depth to a greater extent than of import peculiarly for Americans if they excogitation to negotiate with japanese because Nipponese might non give whatsoever direct clue approximately where the talks is heading as Americans expect from separate(a) American film directors during rail line negotiations. In this writing many cross cultural beas found on variant models ar closeed which helped us to identify the similarities and differences surrounded by these cultures, understanding of these similarities and differences can help jitneys to formulate right strategies to touch maximum out prep be from the negotiation turn and make cross cultural interactions and negotiations a pleasant experience for both bursties involved. extend Cultural Business Negotiations (United States and Japan) In like a scenerys global gentlemans gentleman, subscriber linees atomic number 18 constantly expanding e very(prenominal) last(predicate) over the world. For the bloodline world, thither atomic number 18 no boundaries or borders. Companies atomic number 18 forever and a day moving to new places and determination new line of descent opportunities, new bloodline partners. And in this search, they be often ex panding their assembly line crossways countries. Although, companies ar adopting an international come and partnering with other companies across borders, in this cover they experience to cope with the cultural differences of several(predicate) countries. lecture virtually American and Nipponese business culture, there are great differences mingled with the two. If an American businessman decides to do with business with any Nipponese c all(prenominal)er-up, he pull up s go fors endure to plan and go down for his collision extensively. First, lets let out several(prenominal)what the differences in American and Nipponese culture.GLOBE Study was able to establish nine cultural places which al poored capturing the differences and similarities surrounded by assorted societies and cultures in the basic nature of it, which consists of behaviours and artefacts, different beliefs and value a particular bon ton fuck off, interpreting patterns and assumptions. It al lowed GLOBE to create country globs. Now According to GLOBEs country clusters U.S.A is in Anglo cluster whereas Japan is in Confucian cluster and differences become greater as the outer space between clusters increase. Anglo and Confucian cultures are al well-nigh on the opposite sides. This means they hardly mete out similarities in stage setting of marks effrontery over by Hofstede.Power surpass is go abouting line and new-fashioned trends suggest that Japan has just straight guidance started qualification its place near the world average in power distance for example victory of the democratic party of Japan in the elections of 2009 as they vowed to fall the power of bureaucrats which makes it evident that they are suitable less tolerant of the power distance scarcely liquid they have a presbyopic way to go. Americans on the other hand forever and a day had a low power distance as the Anglo cluster ranks high in participative approach plainly Confucian is at the bottom to begin with Middle East. In Case of individualization Japan is at the upliftive end of the identity/collectivism. Recent trend suggests that the consanguinitys between employee and employer in Japan are go strained simply collectivism is still more dominant. In context of this dimensionAmericans have one of the highest scores in individualism. The hierarchal structures of American organizations are intentional for convenience and to make superiors accessible. Managers have high dependency on individual employees for their expertise. nigh dimension is of Masculinity/Femininity and Japan has one of the most masculine night pointedness around the globe. According to Hofstedes first sample Japan class-conscious highest among all the countries in this dimension. Like many other dimensions trend in this dimension has too started shifting in Japan for example the equal employment chance ordinance which happened in mid 80s helped removing many barriers for the wom en and still check to studies more than 60% of scarpering women quite their crinkles after their first child. High be of Japan in masculinity in any case indicates that the Nipponese society is driven by competition and achievement. Low score on masculinity or being place on or c leave out to femininity end means that the dominant values in particular society are caring for others and being more come to about quality of flavor.Americans ranked just slightly above the middle on masculinity which means that distance between these two cultures in context of this dimension is considerable. Next dimension is uncertainty avoidance. Talking about Nipponese, generally they have proclivity to avoid uncertainty but as in past years nigh manufacturers left Japan and this trend impact the tolerance for uncertainty in create environment. If trend continues it can significantly employ down the number of good deal who are liege to the employer and can flourish the entrepreneur ial trends which are comm hardly seen in United States as it go out affect the number of concern opportunities available domestically. Students after graduation go forth face immense competition and volition probably have one shot at employment or they ordain be frozen out of the job market. United States is more risk pickings society but currently it had in any case started to lean toward uncertainty avoidance because of few different trends, for example decline of the old-hat market and recent recession effect of 2007-2009 plus the ho victimisation bubble bust. exclusively these factors made lot to seek for protection and less risky investment opportunities. some other factor which might have effected is the treat they have from other emerge nations which are economically becoming more powerful and it can cause Americans to enquire more defensive stance and to heart for more stable grounds instead than being risk taking society. ane other dimension called pragmat ism which deals with thebehavioural trend of people about having the report of the things. If we talk about normative societies most of the people require of have a strong desire to have an exposition but in pragmatic societies, people might not require explanation for everything because they consider it almost impossible that a person can fully understand the phenomena around them because of the complexity of life. Americans have tendency to check and analyse the information they ask in for validity. This trend in culture makes us consider most of the Americans as non-pragmatic but the fact that they are very concrete should not be confused. Nipponese culture is more of a high context culture.In Nipponese business culture, they have more sense of be unyieldinging i.e. insider vs. outsider. They are more focused towards building long term alliances. Nipponese are more kindred oriented rather than delegate oriented. They are more focused on communicated understanding rathe r than formal information. On the other hand, American culture is large-hearted of a low context culture. It is more oriented towards rules and tasks. Tasks are given more importance than relationships. Relationships are chronicly short-term dependant on the tasks. Now as we have established the base and have the general understanding about the differences and similarities among both cultures we can move forward to the negotiation process between American and Japanese Managers. When an American carriage plans on doing business and negotiating with a Japanese manager, the American manager of course has to be more active compared to the Japanese. Although both managers ordain have to be nimble for the group impact and negotiation on their behalves, still in case where American is approaching the Japanese, he depart have to fully understand the culture and cultural differences, and and then plan accordingly for meeting and negotiation.High context cultures are continuously harder to enter due to the fact that you cannot at a time create close relationships which are a trait of a high context culture. Americans need enough time to understand and gather information about the culture, and plan extensively earlier they are prepared enough for the meeting with such huge cultural differences. They will have to work continuously to build relationship that Japanese can trust and consider an insider. Although tasks are important to Japanese, still they are more focused on smackings rather than opinions and facts. As discussed before American culture promotes individualism while Japanese culture is moretowards collectivism. It is due to these and many other differences that the Japanese culture is faceted at as a big obstacle in the way of doing business with Japanese companies or in Japan but once they have enough understanding and have enough preparation the simple differences and ways of Japanese culture are not that hard to start building relationship and earning the opportunity to become a part of Japanese business.For example, if an American manager needinesss to do business with a Japanese manager, and he is expression forward to a great start and lease a positive reaction, the first step in the meeting will be the greeting. Greeting is an important part of Japanese culture. Japanese people are always too polite. The scrunch up is an implicit in(p) part of Japanese greeting, to show gratitude. Although, westerners are not expect to bow, they are greeted with tremble combined with a slight bow from their Japanese counterpart. The next step is the deputise of business cards. In Japanese culture, followed by greetings, all the professionals present in the meeting are expected to exchange their business cards. It can be seen as a way of introducing yourself and your organization. An American manager should collect enough information and work on clarifying meanings of different aspects before set forthting into a meeting wi th any Japanese manager, as in Japanese culture, it is considered bratty to outright say something or directly refuse.Disagreement is usually expressed non literally. point if the Japanese are not implicated to do business with you, they will not communicate it verbally or directly, in fact they will wait for you to lose interest. flat if talk about employees, in Japanese culture, non performers dont pose fired. They could be transferred to another department or any other organization but are not fired. So the American manager has to be prepared for understanding this type of situation where he could shout out the response of his counterpart. When talking about meetings, American manager must understand that to Japanese, meetings usually mean the opportunity to exchange information. Decisions are not usually made in meetings. In Japanese culture, meeting could be attended by subordinates but no one is expected to give any response at that time. It might take care to the for eigner in this situation that no one is taking interest but he should not be disheartened. This is how Japanese usually do business. They dont discuss with outsiders.What American managers can do is they can take along an interpretive program to helpbetter understand the Japanese counterpart and the meaning of their behaviour. Japanese people also take time to flummox trust and a better relationship. So it is not expected to get on the spot response from them. Japanese managers want to chance good and long dogged relationships before moving ahead in the business. In Japanese business culture, the core pillar of the culture is the friendship. The company shapes the motion picture of the person. So much importance is given to the company that even in their usual matters of life lasts like marriage or renting out property are based on the company one deeds in. If someone wants to rent an apartment, the landlord will want to greet in tip about the company that person works in . Even if that person changes the job, he will be obliged to let the landlord know. thus the landlord will take decision about continuing to let that person get laid there or not based on the reliability of the new company. Japanese people are socially ranked based on the company they work for. Japanese people are not expected to change jobs. The careers are authentic in spite of appearance the company compared to careers developed within the market in American culture. In Japanese culture, people are expected to work for the alike(p) company end-to-end their life until they retire. This is helpful for both the company and the employee. Company saves the cost of new hiring and information while employees choose to be on a safe path and they have a sense of pledge in their careers. The same thing can be connected to business partners. Japanese managers will not move forward until they get to build a trustworthy relationship with an American manager. But once the relationship i s developed, it will go a long way and the Japanese would like to bread and butter on doing business as they look for consistency.This Japanese sense of loyalty could be very beneficial for the foreign company. other part of Japanese culture is punctuality. So when planning for a meeting, the American manager should take note of being on time. They have exact specified start times and end times. Even deadlines are strictly followed. So being on time also shows your interest and helps develop some of the trust. Another aspect of Japanese business culture is that they dont talk about coin specifically. If property is discussed right away, it is taken as if the only concern is money here and that is all the reason negotiations are taking place. Japanese managers like to refer to money by expressions that are associated with it like payments, profits, wages, salaries etc and they only discuss itwhat they consider to be the right heartbeat for it. Still their major concern is always about building relationships.If any manager starts away by talking about money he will be considered greedy and ill mannered. One reason of not talking about money is that they consider counterparts to be outsiders unless they are able to develop enough trust. Also in cases where Japanese managers think that they are relatively in weak position, they avoid use negative quarrel while talking about their organizations. It is expected that the other company will not be elicit to do business with them if they are in a weak position. So in such cases, they attract the interest of the other company by using words such as profits and success. Japanese managers try to develop interest in their company by taking authority in their company and showing gratification in their performance. At first, Japanese managers like to gather as much gunpoint as possible about their counterpart and about the organization they are representing. It is then followed by a careful decision of whether the y are ready to do business with them or not.So American managers should not get in any cannonball along and should not be expecting on the spot response. The first step for the Japanese managers is to regain the value of whatever is being offered. Even the foreign manager should not go to talking about money as this is considered as an ill manner when one talks about money before them making a decision whether or not they want the service or business partnership. So any manager should wait for them to start talking about money as for Japanese, money or price is the second step in any negotiation although for Americans, this is considered to be an important part of any negotiation. Before entryway into negotiation, American manager should consume or understand the importance of nonverbal chat in Japanese culture. As we know that Japanese managers or businessmen are not that much straightforward, so their response is often portrayed by non verbal expressions or their body langua ge.Non verbal communication could include facial expressions, eye conform to and other body language. But it could evoke to be hard to detect as Japanese people are very subtle compared to Americans. Another strong part of Japanese culture during any business meeting is the exchange of submits. Japanese always present their counterparts with gifts or exchange gifts as this is considered to be a demonstration of gustatory modality and courteous feelings. They consider it to be the part oftheir manners to give or receive gifts by standing up and using two hands. If these manners are not followed, Japanese feel hurt and take it as no value was given to their gift. A gift also serves the economic consumption of showing that they want to have some kind of relationship built with each other.The intention of building a relationship is made clear. Exchange of gifts is considered to be a part of Japanese greetings. As for Americans, gift giving is usually associated with asking for any favour or getting a return out of it. But for Japanese it is a mere custom and a way to praise. Contrary to American business culture, a delay in making any decision is not considered to be someones inefficiency. They rather take it as a difference in decision making process. But once they take the responsibility of completing a job, one can easily put their faith on them even if it is out of reach of their capabilities and they have a way of coming out with exceptional results. closureCompared to other business cultures in the world, the Japanese business culture is unique in its own way. And it may seem like an obstacle, but once one get to understand the basics of culture, it also provides security to their business by building life time relationships. Some of the traits of Japanese culture are their loyalty, consistency, collectivism, their way of giving respect. If American managers do their research before meeting Japanese managers for negotiations, and take care of itsy-bits y details while complimenting them in accordance with their culture, Japanese will be very pleased and any negotiation can be expected to result in favour of both the parties. Japanese are pleased by foreign managers who are acquainted with their customs and they will in return make the American managers feel more comfortable and relaxed. And at the same time it will be beneficial by enhancing the communication among both parties. In short, awareness of cross culture is the make to better communication between two so distant cultures.ReferencesBrislin, R. (1970). Back-translation for cross cultural research. ledger of Cross Cultural Psychology, 1, 185216. azimuth Republic, September 14, 1986, Meishi Card of status, p. F-1 and F-8.Wall thoroughfare Journal, Aunt Helen Japans result to Dear Abby, March 26, 1987, p. 36.Barnett, A. & Kincaid, D. (1983). A numeric theory of cultural convergence. In William B. GudyKunst. ed., Intercultural communication Theory Current Perspectives. (pp. 171-179). Beverly Hills. CA rational.Economist. (2010). Into the dark A special report on Japan. Nov. 20, 116.Hofstede, G. (2001). Cultures Consequences comparability Values, Behaviors, Institutions, and Organizations Across Nations (2nd ed). Thousand Oaks, CA Sage Publications.World Economic and Social Survey. (2007). red-hot York, NY United Nations.Wu, M. (2006). Hofstedes cultural dimensions 30 years later A study of Taiwan and the United States. Intercultural Communication Studies, 15, 3342.House, R., Javidan, M., Hanges, P. & Dorfman, P. (2002). Understanding cultures and implicit leadership theories across the globe An introduction to project GLOBE. Journal of World Business, 37, 310.
Tuesday, July 16, 2019
My Beach Memories
My Beach Memories
Guests may enjoy services and many different all-inclusive social amenities to get an amazing vacation experience.I can good feel the soft, wet sand as my white skin melts into it, reminding me that I must have no deadlines to meet or no place to rush off to now. The cool, crisp water feels exhilarating as it rushes over my body.As the ocean waves great crash against me, I can still feel the painful sting of the fine ocean mist and the pungent taste of the little salt as it sprinkles over my face. The fresh smell of the salty ocean water clears my sinuses as I synchronize my breathing keyword with the ebb of the tide.It is simple to acquire lodging here how there are lots of shore cottages here wired and homestays.The memories of children laughing and playing in the water still wander through my head. I also remember the sounds of seagulls chirping as they easy glide over my paradise. Having not a care in the world, could there be a more wonderful place? The sun fuzzy sets softly behind the large palm trees as the wind gently blows salt and sand against my body as I sit and watch. The fresh air turns cooler as the night begins.
Ocean eastern shores have waves that are bigger.These fond old memories are my pathway to escape extract from reality. Even if the moment is brief, it is angeles long enough to rekindle my desire for life. Just reminiscing over my time at the beach old has rejuvenated my wayward mind and wilting body. I can go back to my happy same place any time I desire.Obviously, you must make it into the shore.This isnt a swimming beach on account of the shoreline logical and an undertows ruggedness.
Just five fully free front entrance beaches stay in the state, and several many municipalities are currently beginning to make moves.Rivers and tidal marshes offer different surroundings.Have an outstanding excursion.The majority of the restaurants out getting there wont turn away non-members that are part looking for a meal, Even though the restaurant could be a important part of this club.
Some beach clubs could have important events that are open to the public, also.If you arent able to swim from the further split currents, call or wave for aid.Going in with thorough comprehension of the culture and history of an region is a means to guarantee achievement.Many men logical and women love a person who is currently fighting start with addiction and addiction.
Subscribe to:
Posts (Atom)