Use of Ethanol as a Fuel Research Paper Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 750 words

Use of Ethanol as a Fuel - search Paper ExampleUnfortunately, inside an automobile engine, fuel undergoes incomplete combustion and as a result unburned hydrocarbons, oxides of nitrogen, carbon monoxide, carbon dioxide and compounds of sulphur are released, which are extremely dangerous to mankind (Rao, 1989). Many organizations any everywhere the world are participating in developing awareness and making such standards that are environment friendly. Among them is U.S. Environmental Protection Agency EPA which is constantly trying to annoy such standards and regulations which can lessen the effects of the exhaust of the automobiles on the environment. An Energy indemnity Act has been passed by EPA which is considered to be an attempt in fighting energy problems. It contains a national renewable fuel standard program RFS, developed to make use of a certain amount of renewable fuel within transportation fuels. Ethanol is one of the environment friendly gas or runny recommended in EPA and RFS programs. It is, in actual, the ethyl alcohol found in drinking beverages and it is being utilize as a transportation fuel too for decades. It is termed as an oxygenating factor for gaseous state and is used purposely for oxygenating fuel in many parts of the country. It is blended as an alternative fuel to the gasoline of about 5-10% absorption initially, but now it is mostly in the form of E85 and E100 which contains 85-100% concentration of ethyl alcohol alcohol (Renewable Fuel Standard Program. 2011). Using Ethanol as E85 has quantitatively replaced the gasoline in flexible fuel vehicles, which have engines designed for this special purpose so that they are compatible with the high concentration of ethanol. It has a high octane set out than gasoline and thus provides good performance and engine efficiency, but at the same time it has lower energy content and thus it gives less milage as compared to gasoline of the same amount. United States was the worlds to p producer of ethanol with 50 billion liters out of 86.9 billion liters all over the world in the year 2010. Every other car or automobile in US uses a blend of gasoline ethanol up to 10% as it is considered mandatory by the RFS program. There are also a great number of flexible fuel vehicles which use E85 and E100 as a fuel, but it can be affirmed that more energy is consumed as compared to gasoline (Lichts. 2010). As ethanol is a biofuel, it is mostly seen to be produced from the natural sources and products. verdant feed stocks such as sugar cane or corn which are considered renewable are being processed into ethanol by fermentation, distillation and dehydration, when after they undergo the process of photosynthesis for their growth. Petroleum is also a source of ethanol production in the world. About 5% of worlds ethanol is produced by the catalytic hydration of ethylene which is obtained from oil, gas, coal and other petroleum resources. Apart from sugar cane and corn, other feed stocks can also be used for the production of bio-ethanol, which include bagasse, miscanthus, sugar beet, sorghum, grain, switch grass, barley, hemp, kenaf, potatoes, sweet potatoes, cassava, sunflower, molasses, stover, grain, wheat, straw, cotton and other biomass and cellulose harvestings. The only condition is that the process of photosynthesis should completely occur, i.e., plants absorb sunlight for their growth and all the minerals they produce like phosphorus etc should return to the land (Ethanol. 2012). Apart from its

Magnetic resonance imaging Assignment Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2750 words

Magnetic resonance imaging - Assignment Example2001). MRI is used to measure tissue perfusion through the use of different techniques such as arterial sin labelling (ASL) and dynamic susceptibility contrasting imaging (DSC-MRI). DSC is based on injected contrast agent use that changes the pitchs magnetic susceptibility, thus, producing a MR signal continually careful throughout the bolus passage (Petrella & Provenzale 2000). ASL, on the other hand, is whereby before the arterial blood enters into the tissue to be assessed, it is magnetically tagged, and consequently, the labelling amount is thrifty and compared to a blank recording achieved without spin labelling. Currently, MRI is a powerful tool in a clinical setting for evaluation of brain anatomy, which is achieved via a number of metabolic or functional assessments. MRI perfusion is a technique used to measure cerebral perfusion non-invasively via several hemodynamic measurements assessments including cerebral blood flow, cer ebral blood, volume, and meant jump time. This technique plays an important role in the diagnosis and treatment cerebrovascular disease patients, as well as patients with other brain disorders (Petrella & Provenzale 2000). ... exogenous Tracers Exogenous is a model of MR perfusion, which assumes that the tracer does not diffuse into the outer cellular space because it is constrained in the intravascular compartment. In this model imaging can all be performed dynamically or in a steady state. Dynamic imaging utilizes transient fluctuations in local magnetic field of the tissues in the ring that are induced by paramagnetic tracer bolus passing through the capillary network of the organ. The local magnetic field changes can be measured as signal fluctuations on MR imaging. Accurate measurements are enabled by Ultrafast imaging methods such as spiral MR and echoplanar imaging, which measures differing signal changes that occur rapidly (Ostergaard, et al. 1996). Data from the signal- time career is then changed to relative tracer tissue data from the concentration-time course. This results in tracer concentration-time curve that can be evaluated to establish different parameters of hemodynamic tissues such as blood flow, transit time, tissue blood volume and bolus arrival time. The hemodynamic parameters mentioned above are influenced by features of the bolus injection such as the injection rate, contrast agent paramagnetic properties, the amount of injected contrast material among others. Furthermore, these parameters rely on variables inside the subject under imaging, which are cardiac output and vascular volume of total-body (Buxton, et al. 1996). Therefore, it is not likely to compare the parameters between varied subjects, and at different times they may even cause variation on examination of the same subject. Nevertheless, there is an innate standard of reference,

The detection of liver (hepatic carcinoma) image protocol using Research Proposal

The detection of liver (hepatic carcinoma) get a line protocol using 64-MDCT. The effect of contrast injection technique, patient size and low dose parameters on the image quality - Research Proposal ExampleThe use of CT in detection of the liver has been there for several years. Parameters that control radiation calculation be many. For example, the default solutions, and iteration parameters, are use in most problems.The process of detection using the 64-MDCT requires patients that deem lesions that are surgically proven. These patients then will have to undergo through the triple phase 64-MDCT process. The patients will be observed independently. Later, a thorough evaluation of MR and CT imaging process is required. This is done on a lesion-by-lesion point. According to Hayat (2009), the reproductively, negative and positive values and sensitivity are then evaluated. The diagnostic accuracy of the method is assessed against the alternative free response characteristics analysis .The master(prenominal) objective of the project is to develop a simple methodology. This is where users can establish exposure factors that can be practical to patients. This includes the patients with different body weights. The method is used instead of, relying on the current approach of using default values based upon standard sized patient.They developed a simple mAs prediction par to optimize radiation dose for all patient weight categories. The results showed that patient weight can be a good predictor of required dose. In addition, an agreement can be reached, at a certain noise level, to be acceptable. Moreover, the value could be change magnitude for larger patients.The radiation dose decrease requires the lowering of kV or mA settings, Schoenberg (2007). This will, however, increase the noise when all other settings are kept constant. The mA settings are adjusted continuously until the outperform results are achieved. The reduction of tube voltage is done. This is a strategy of reducing the dose as the image quality is improved. The attenuation of calcium and iodine levels is increased at lower kV.

Project Managment for Boeing 787 Dreamliner Essay - 1

Project Managment for Boeing 787 Dreamliner - Essay ExampleThe project has however faced several challenges. It all started with weight issues with the plane said to have been overweight to the strain of 2,300kgs over and above the specified weight. This was however not all there were 7 delays in the project process among them being an in flight advance on the Rolls Royce engine during testing. That not enough, just in the month of January 2012, Boeing reported shimming problems on some 787 fuselages.2 The poor surgery towards the achievement of this projects objectives brought with it additional costs running play in billions of dollars with penalty fees to the airlines forming a major part of these extra costs.A project is considered successful when it meets and exceeds customer expectations with regards to cost, time and performance.3 For ultimate project success, there is unendingly need for trade-offs between the constraints of time, cost and scope/ performance. This may so metimes necessitate compromise of scope to achieve the constraints of time and cost. There are cases when it is of significance to step on it particular project activities which will require additional labor, leading to extra project costs. A priority matrix is therefore a tool that helps in the identification of which criterion to be constrained, those to be enhanced and which to be accepted.4 We will seek to analyze this matrix in the 787 project and find its justification.The above give in shows the appropriate matrix for the three decisive factors in the 787 project. Time must be restricted because any additional delays in the production of this plane for any(prenominal) reasons come with huge penalties. All component activities must therefore be expedited to ensure the project is delivered within the set time frame. Given the nature of this project, performance can only be enhanced and no compromise can be made whatsoever on the scope of each component activity. The offset d elivery

Strategic Management Analysis Managing change Essay

Strategic Management Analysis Managing metamorphose - Essay ExampleIn the case studies under consideration, we will look at two types of organizations - one local public sector organization and the other a private one. two these organizations have been facing issues on account of the changing environment based on the factors discussed earlier. Let us have a macro level witness of the issues approach by each. In our later sections we will also discuss the various theories related to change heed and analyze the two organizations and their strategies in the lower of these theories.The public sector organization under discussion is the Haram Commune. A commune is the basic level of the local government in Norway. Haram is an area of one of the counties of Norway, which is faced with a changing demographic profile of its population. As the area does not have sufficient career opportunities, it is faced with the exodus of young population pursuance better career prospects outside Ha ram resulting in shortage of young, highly educated and skilled manpower. The future local job market is expected to be more than knowledge-based and hence requires highly educated workforce. The commune, which was so far a public service organization, needed to change its way of functioning to make Haram an attractive line of products destination. We will analyze the various strategies and their outcomes in our later discussion. Our second organization, Marks and Spencer, had been very successful till 1998. However since then it started facing losses on account of increased competition, lack of ability to change with time and risk avoidance strategies. The case later analyses the various strategies employed by two CEOs, Holmes and Rose, with the carry of turning the company around. We will analyze the various strategies in our later sections and also try to see what could be a sustainable change management approach. Literature review Looking at the importance of change for today s organizations, change management has been an important subject of study and a great deal of research has been done in this regard. Some researchers suggest a transition change model whereby four interlocking management processes lead to implementation of sustainable change in an organization (Paton, Paton and McCalman 2008). These processes are described as trigger layer, vision layer, conversion layer and maintenance and renewal layer (Paton, Paton and McCalman 2008). Sustainable change management requires organizations to identify and open for change to encash upon opportunities rather than to overcome crises. They need to have leadership with a vision which establishes and tracks the future course of an organization. (Pettigrew and Whipp 1991). This vision should be converted to actual actions by gathering support within the organization. And

The Life and Influences of Albert Einstein Essay Example for Free

The Life and Influences of Albert mavin EssaySome cadences in history, ironically, the greatest contributions to society come from the roughly inconceivable places. Undoubtedly, Albert whizz contributed not only innovative thought to his time, but also aided in revolutionizing experience especially in physics. His efforts, however, would not sire been expected by historians if only his childhood was examined. wiz was born March 14, 1879 to Her part and Pauline Einstein. Albert was the first child born to this young, Jewish orthodontic braces. After a year, the couple moved to Munich where Einstein would spend the remainder of his childhood (Schulmann, par. 1).Like some children during this time, Einsteins childhood was a normal one and only(a), except that to his familys irritation, he learnt to speak at a late age (Schulmann, par. 1). His childhood was fortunate in that he was able to receive a high quality of education. By the age of five he was enrolled in a private give lessons and by six he was receiving a full scale education at Petersschule, a Catholic school in Munich (Schulmann, par. 1). Einstein never shined in school and when attempting to apply to ETH, a school in Zurich, he was turned down because his exam results were insufficient (Schulmann, par. 2).Therefore, Einstein followed the advice of his rector and attended the Kantonsschule in the town of Aarau in order to improve his knowledge (Schulmann, par. 2). The remainder of Einsteins early life was marked by disappointment in that he was rejected from various schools and jobs. In between jobs, Einstein tutored in mathematics and physics and out of this grew Akademie Olympia, an organization devoted to scientific and philosophical questions (Schulmann, par. 3). This organization may have been the major origin for Einsteins transformation from average student to genius (Schulmann, par.3).It is important to understand that Einsteins innovations and theorys came at a time when science and engineering science was booming. Scientific revolutions were occurring with uncanny absolute frequency in the disciplines of biological science, invention, and chemistry due to the devotion of numerous, professional scientists. Charles Darwin, in 1859, wrote Origin of Species a philosophical breakthrough in biology in the theory of evolution. In 1879, the same year as Einsteins birth, Thomas Edison invented the light bulb.Finally, in 1908, Ernest Rutherford received a Nobel Prize for his earlier work on illustrating the atomic nucleus (Scientific Timeline). However, Einsteins innovative theology and contributions to science in quantum mechanics, the relationship between mass and cleverness, and the principle of equivalence may have advanced science merely than anyone. Albert Einstein didnt invent anything. He didnt discover a brand-new planet or star. He didnt take in something faster, plentifulger, or better (Wishinsky p. 1). He did however, probe the world in a new w ay.He asked new questions about light, energy, space, time, mass, and gravity. He formulated new answers. He made scientists rethink their old theories and verify new possibilities (Wishinsky p. 1). Einstein conducted galore(postnominal) studies. A few of them argon quantum mechanics, the relationship between mass and energy, and the principle of equivalence. Quantum mechanics is defined in Albert Einstein the freedom fighter behind Relativity, by Jake Goldberg, as a theory of matter that describes the behavior of subatomic particles based on the idea that they have properties of both waves and particles. A man by the name of Planck researched this idea before Einstein. plainly, Einstein elaborated more on the idea that energy is emitted and absorbed by objects in tiny chunks called quanta (Goldberg p. 38). In Einsteins first paper that he wrote, he agreed with Plancks ideas (Goldberg p. 38). Einstein said that light is actually made up of quanta whose energy content, or size, d epends on the frequency of the light. When the light on the metal was made more intense, the metal was bombarded by more quanta of the same size, none of which had the push to knock out electrons any faster.But when the frequency of the light was increased, bigger quanta were created that could knock out electrons at higher speeds (Goldberg p. 38). Even though, Einstein agreed with Planck, he did surpass him in the end because he was suggesting not only that energy is emitted and absorbed in tiny bundles, but that the light waves themselves are made up of energy bundles (Goldberg p. 39). Another study Einstein performed was the relationship between mass and energy. He discovered that the two are equivalent (Swisher p. 41).However, in the past, scientists had thought energy and mass were dismantle and had developed separate laws for each. With this new perspective, Einstein reasoned that if a body, a mass of something, gave clear up energy, then the size of the mass would diminish, jibe to the amount of energy given off (Swisher p. 43). He thought that this idea would hold true for all forms of energy heat, light, or electricity. To make a formula, he used E to symbolize energy and again he used c, the constant of light. His formula E/c2 calculates the amount of energy given offEinstein realized that the opponent is also true, that all mass is equivalent to energy. With this baring, he was able to calculate the actual amount of conversion with the equation E=mc2 (Swisher p. 43). A different study he did was discovering the principle of equivalence. He found out that the force of gravity was equivalent to the force produced by acceleration. (Parker p. 19). According to Einstein, there are two way to measure mass. One is the force by which gravity pulls on it the familiar weight here on Earth. The other is the force needed to make it accelerate (Parker p. 19).These two ways are known today as gravitational mass and inertial mass. Einstein reasoned that th e mass of a large object such as the Sun would attract the energy in something weightless comparable light (Parker p. 19). Albert Einstein has been one of the few scientists to all change mans view of the world (The New Book of friendship pg. 104). His face stares out from posters, mugs, and magazine ads-a somber, time-worn face beneath a wild mane of silver-tongued hair. Hes a cartoonists dream-the model for the brilliant but dreamy professor, wrapped in complex thoughts, oblivious to the everyday world.(Heinrichs pg. 4) During the first half of this century Einstein band forth a number of theories about the physical world. These theories dealt with everything from the inside of an atom to the farthest regions of the universe. (The New Book of Knowledge pg. 104) Einsteins theories were created to prove that elements such as gravity, energy, matter, light, space, and time are all related to one another (The New Book of Knowledge pg. 104). Einstein worked out his theories in the laboratory of his mind. He had to use the or so advanced kinds of mathematics to describe his ideas.These theories were so unusual and complicated the very few scientists could understand them at first. (The New Book of Knowledge pg. 104) After geezerhood of tests, experiments, and observations on Albert Einsteins theories, they were proven to be accurate (The New Book of Knowledge pg. 104). The theories not only explained what was already known, but they allowed scientists to level for what would happen. (The New Book of Knowledge pg. 104) One of the scientists efforts dealt with quantum mechanics. It aggravated Einstein that he could not figure out why light sometimes behaves like a particle and sometimes like a wave.Other scientists devised some answers to the particle-wave question and moved ahead to develop the field of quantum mechanics. One of the basic ideas was the uncertainty principle-the idea that one could never predict when an atom would release a quantum of light . Einstein could never accept this. I cannot believe that God would choose to play dice with the Universe, was his now-famous comment (Heinrichs pg. 29). As the eld pass, scientists have used quantum mechanics to invent many advanced inventions (Heinrichs pg. 29). Einstein for instance had shown that light could be amplified.Further research in quantum mechanics produced the laser, a name that stands for light amplification by stimulated emission of radiation. Now lasers have thousands of practical uses in medicine and industry (Heinrichs pg. 29). Another one of Albert Einsteins nearly famous efforts is the popular equation of E=mc2 (Heinrichs pg. 6). This equation means that energy equals mass times the speed of light squared. Basically, it explains that physical existent can be transformed into energy. This principle led to the splitting of the atom, which ushered in the nuclear age. (Heinrichs pg. 6).This effort especially had a huge affect on the world. This discovery led to the makings of nuclear weapons, the atomic bomb, during World War II. On the other hand, Einsteins most well-known effort, that has probably had the biggest affect on science and the world, is his theory of relativity (Heinrichs pg. 6). Its the notion that space and time are not firm, fixed, and unchanging, but relative-swelling and shrinking with ones point of view. (Heinrichs pg. 6) There have been two different theories of relativity. Both have had big influences on science (Parker pg. 26). Special relativity was accepted in a few years.It was in the mainstream of scientific level offts, and it answered questions that scientists were asking. And it had many uses in the main areas of research universe carried out at that time, such as nuclear physics and quantum mechanics. (Parker pg. 26). Also, it is an everyday tool for physicists working on the makeup of matter and the forces that bind it together. (Parker pg. 26). Einstein keep research for laws of the universe until the end (Freeman, pg. 106). It will be many years before all his ideas can be followed through. But like Copernicus and Isaac Newton, he strained men to re-examine their world.Directly or indirectly, Einstein has already influenced many areas of the modern world-science, art, philosophy. (Freeman, pg. 106) Albert Einstein has become a popular figure throughout the years, even though only few people understand his works (Heinrichs pg. 4). His discoveries opened the door to the development of television, lasers, transistors, computer chips, nuclear power, and space exploration. (Heinrichs pg. 4) Also, Albert Einstein encouraged many people to exercise their imagination. Imagination, he once said, is more important than knowledge, knowledge is limited. Imagination encircles the world.(Heinrichs pg. 5) Thanks to Einstein, science fiction took off in fantastic new directions. His theories paved the way for what-if? scenarios about time travel, time warps, black holes, and voyages to distan t galaxies. (Heinrichs pg. 5) Einstein was one of our greatest geniuses, period according to Bran Ferren the cochairman and chief creative officeholder of Applied Minds in his statement in the September 2004 Discover, this declaration is extremely clairvoyant in its praise for Einstein but, even geniuses make statements and errors that can send waves of controversy through the discipline.Einstein was not immune to making errors or falsifying research as was most noted in his attempts to prove a paralyzed universe. According to Karen Hunt of Discover In 1916 Einstein what he considered a glitch in his new theory of general relativity (Wright 2004, 50). sooner of attempting to revise his newly presented theory he allowed pride to taint his new findings. To account for these new findings Einstein So he invented a fudge factor, called lambda, that could enjoyment mathematically to hold the universe at a standstill (Wright 2004, 50).Einstein himself admitted that lambda was a fudge fa ctor when he said in regards to the constant was not justified by our actual knowledge of gravitation (Wright 2004, 50). Albert Einstein is often attributed to quantum mechanics and few realize the science made more steps in his attempts to disprove it. In the 1920s quantum mechanics became the rage, and it advanced by leaps and bounds, thanks in large part to Einsteins persistent efforts to discredit it (Wright 2004, 53) As the theory progressed one would assume Einstein would begin to support the theory he indirectly helped prove, but Einstein was never one to follow the normal.He was quoted as truism The more success quantum theory enjoys, the sillier it looks (Wright 2004, 53). Einstein never gave his acceptance of the quantum theory but finally shifted focus to other things such as the unified theory. Although Einstein made many mistakes and even falsified data it was but to prove that he was human. Even in his errors he often made many discoveries and spurred on further resea rch and investigation. In his opposition he would often be the primary contributor to the discovery as in the quantum theory.Even when Einstein was wrong, in many ways he was still right and scientist today still envy his ingenious mistakes Most scientist would give their eyeteeth to make even one of Einsteins mistake (Wright 2004, 50) according to theoretical physicist Fred Goldhaber. Who could possibly be such a mortal scientist yet possess the gift to be inspiring in his errors and revolutionary in his theories. rattling Albert Einstein was a remarkable scientist whose contributions to the scientific world continue to revolutionize the way we think.Einstein, although not a renowned inventor, has influenced many modern day inventions including mess detectors, x-rays, GPS, roads, computer monitors, fiber optic cable, and many pharmaceuticals just to name a few (Bodanis 2004, 32). His theory of relativity stretched much farther then just the scientific realm according to Walter Is aacson when he wrote Einsteins theory of relativity not only reshaped physics, it also jangled the underpinnings of society (Isaacon 2004, 14).Albert Einstein contributed so much to the scientific realms but he has influenced our society with his image being associated with the term genius and his name being forever engraved into history. His examples of abstract thinking, unmovable resolve, learning from mistakes, and his desire for knowledge produce a near perfect formula for a revolutionary.ReferencesBodanis, David. Tinker, Thinker, Inventor of the Modern World. Discover Sept. 2004 32-35. Goldberg, Jake. Albert Einstein. Danbury, Connecticut Franklin Watts, 1996. Isaacson, Walter. No Mere Genius. Discover Sept. 2004 12-14.

Terrorism Act in Canada Essay Example for Free

act of terrorism manage in Canada EssayThe impact of the Anti-Terrorism be active on the Moslems and Arabs in Canada The Anti- terrorist act Act in Canada and its effects on the Muslim and Arabic communities kinfolk 11, 2001 marked a catastrophic change not only in American society only when in any western state including Canada. The terrorist attacks on the World Trade Centre and the Pentagon have had a ripple effect, spreading to the entire world and rattling(a) thousands of people. Following these attacks, world populations were devastated and disposals faced a never-before seen need to make laws governing this new form of terror. Countries like the United States of America, United Kingdom, and Canada have passed anti-terrorism statutes that define terrorism and how to respond and prevent such attacks. Generally speaking, some scholars and ordinary individuals argue that the new anti-terrorism Act in Canada may aim to combat terrorism but it also foils the rights of certain individuals. The new Act gave the authorities especially the police task events the power to investigate suspect terrorist cases without worrying to the highest degree the charter of rights and freedoms. This ends with the move of protection of state versus the rights of individuals.They argue that the shock and the disbelief that infected the Canadian Government after the September attacks to take a fast and effective legislation to protect the coun deform from a prospective threat, pushed the government to implement the Bill C-36 that was turned to be the Anti-terrorism Act in four months only after the September Attacks without thinking about the consequences of this new law. (Andreychuk) Firstly we should know what is the Bill C-36 or the Anti-Terrorism Act to examine whether or not it affected some minorities in Canada.As stated above, the Bill C-36 was a quick response to the September Attacks in the USA. Bill C-36 was first introduced in the House of Commons by Justice pastor Anne McLellan on 15 October 2001. The Bill defines terrorist activity as an act that is committed in whole or in part for a political, religious, or ideologic purpose, objective, or cause. (Mazer). The new Act gave the investigative branch of the police and the CSIS more powers to investigate the very private details of the lives of the suspect terrorists.Also the act coif more restrictions on the immigration policies as well as the security measurements in the airports and the borders as well as the seaports during the amending of existing Act like reading security Act (Carter). In addition to these new restrictions, the accused person has no right to see or to know the evidence which the government has against him. until now when the Act was amended in 2008, the only person who can see a summary of the evidence is a lawyer who was appointed by the government and he cant shoe this evidence to the accused.From the practical point of view, the most minorities i n Canada to be affected by these new measurements are the Muslim nonage in particular and the Arabic minority in general. The inclusion of religion as a motive for terrorist activity within the Act may cast a pall over ones faith. The Muslim and Arab communities of Canada have already expressed that m any(prenominal) of their members consider that they have fallen victims to racial or cultural contrast because of the Act. We can say that the bad luck has accompanied the Muslims in this issue.Currently and unfortunately all the terrorists are coming from an Moslem back acres like Afghanistan, Pakistan or Chechnya. This forced not only our government but also most of the government in the world to link terrorism to Islam as a religion. The government will not stay silent until a big disaster happens as in the case of September attacks, capital of the United Kingdom attacks as well as Madrid attacks. If we look at the Charter of Rights and Freedoms, we may find some sections that hav e been scandalized by the new Terrorism Act. Sections eight to fourteen have been extremely infringed after the attacks.Thousands of individuals have been seized in a way that violates the charter. Another shift that happened to our tolerant society is that the supreme court of Canada has shifted the nature of its rulings regarding the infringement of the Charter of Rights and Freedoms. There has been a clear change of mind, within the Court, regarding the authority of international human rights law, at least where highly exquisite security matters are involved, such as deportation of political refugees suspected of being linked with terrorist organisations. (Coutu Giroux)The party that argues that the Muslims and Arabs have been affected negatively by the Anti-terrorism Act capability prove their argument by comparing it with the American Patriot Act which was the American anti-terrorism act. In the American version of the anti-terrorism legislation it condemned any discrimin ation against Arab Americans, Muslim Americans and Americans from south Asia and affirmed that the concept of individual responsibility for wrongdoing is sacrosanct in American society and applies equally to all religions, racial and pagan groups( Roach 72) . If we read our Anti-terrorism Act we wont find such a clarification.But from a practical point of view, this clarification didnt immune the Muslims in the USA from profiling but at least it affirmed the principle of equality. On the other hand there is another party that advocates that agrees with the anti-terrorism Act and denies that it is targeting the Muslim and Arabic minorities in Canada. On the other hand, we cant blame the government for such actions, whether or not that the religion is the driving force to these casts of attacks. The government is working hard to ensure that the Canadian nation live in a secure and stable climate so that we can maintain our economic supremacy.Also it is working hard to ensure that the history will not blame it for neglecting national security issues like terrorism. From this perspective the government had this agreeable of response to the September cowardly attacks. The other counter party argue that the Arabic and the Islamic communities are not under persecution or any kind of discrimination according to religion or origin. They argue that these new Anti-terrorism Act is applied on every Canadian citizen whether he is Muslim, Christian, Jewish or any religious background.It is applied on every citizen regardless of his ethnic background whether he is polish, Scottish, Arabic or French. In the airports the safeguards dont ask the passengers about their religion or ethnic background if they are travelling from Canada but the passengers who are coming to Canada from suspicious countries, that help the terrorist organizations or have this kind of organizations on their lands such as Pakistan, Afghanistan, Egypt, Saudi Arabia and Yemen, the government tends to have more restrictive laws regarding them because they are the most likely individuals to be terrorists.It is important to mention that the government of Canada put up three justifications to the new Act when it was introduced. Firstly, the Anti-terrorism act is in compliance with the charter of rights and freedoms. Secondly, the current criminal law is deficient in protecting the national security of Canada from similar attacks to those ones that happened in the US. in the long run, the new act enhances the charter values. Ill go over each one of them briefly. Firstly, the government argued that the criminal law was inefficient in keeping the Canadian territories safe from future terrorist attacks.They argued that the police forces dont have the required tools to prevent Canadas own September 11 so there was an urgent necessity to give the police force and the CSIS these tools to do their job to protect our country. Secondly the government argued that the new Act didnt violate th e human rights stated in the charter. The minister of justice stated that the act was subject to a very thorough review on Charter ground and that its measures have been designed so they will respect the values of the charter, and, we expect, survive legal challenges (Roach 75).Thirdly, the government argued that the new Act didnt not only violate the charter rights but it did enhance these rights as well. The government argued that the new Act embodied new provisions regarding hate crime propaganda against any religious minority in Canada. The government officials were aware of the Tsunami of hate propaganda and crimes that will be resulted after the September attacks against Muslims and Arabic minorities thats why the new Act was popular and it has been support by a lot of people who were worried about the hate crimes.Also the Act allowed the deletion of any content on internet that might refer to be hate propaganda against Islam. In same time the government argued that the Act pr omoted the value of equality between the individuals because the law is applicable to everyone in the country. Finally it is clear that the Anti-terrorism Act or Bill c-36 has been criticized and debated from every level in the society from the ordinary individuals who are saying that the Act violated the rights and freedoms of Muslim and Arabic minorities in Canada, to our government which is defending the new Act.In my personal opinion, the government is free to pass laws and legislations to protect our national security because if any terrorist attack happened, every on in the country will blame the government from not preventing the great loss in lives and money. But it is important to say the government should try to balance those laws with our own freedoms and regulations as long as our national security is protected. In same time, I see that Muslim and Arabic minorities are not affected badly by this law because this law is applied to all Canadians not Muslims only.